The basic goal of HyperBraille is to enable blind or visually impaired people to participate as fully competitive members in today's information technology oriented office worlds. With the aim of realizing a texts...
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The basic goal of HyperBraille is to enable blind or visually impaired people to participate as fully competitive members in today's information technology oriented office worlds. With the aim of realizing a textscreen-oriented application especially for blind people which integrates tools to retrieve, create and exchange printed as well as electronic documents, the hypertext and formatting features of the Hypertext Markup Language HTML has been used. On the other hand, the graphical userinterfaces (GUT) concept of the pull-down menus has been adapted to be customized on a Braille display. The development of HyperBraille started three years ago with the construction of a World Wide Web client that allowed easy access to all the documents of the Web.
Constraint systems have been used for some time to implement various components of a userinterface. High level support for flexible screen layout has been among the more important uses;layout constraints in a user in...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780897917988
Constraint systems have been used for some time to implement various components of a userinterface. High level support for flexible screen layout has been among the more important uses;layout constraints in a userinterface toolkit provide a declarative mechanism for controlling the size and position of objects in an interactive display, along with an efficient update mechanism for maintaining display layouts automatically in the face of dynamic changes. This paper describes a new technique for implementing one-way layout constraints which overcomes a substantial limitation of previous systems. In particular, it allows constraints to be implemented in an extremely small amount of space - as little as 17 bits per constraint - and still maintain the level of performance needed for good interactive response. These ultra-lightweight constraints, while not handling all cases, cover most relationships used for layout, and allow conventional constraints to be applied when needed. This paper will consider both a general technique for ultra-lightweight layout constraints and its specific implementation in a new Java -based userinterface toolkit.
FOCUS, the Feature-Oriented Catalog userinterface, is an interactive table viewer for a common kind of table, namely the object-attribute table, also called cases-by-attribute table or relational table. Typical examp...
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FOCUS, the Feature-Oriented Catalog userinterface, is an interactive table viewer for a common kind of table, namely the object-attribute table, also called cases-by-attribute table or relational table. Typical examples of these tables are the Roll Calls in BYTE where the features and test results of a family of hardware or software products are compared. FOCUS supports data exploration by a combination of a focus+context or fisheye technique, a hierarchical outliner for large attribute sets, and a general and easy-to-use dynamic query mechanism where the user simply clicks on desired values found in the table. A PC/Windows implementation of FOCUS is publicly available (http://***/fit/projects/***). It is suited for tables with up to a few hundred rows and columns, which are typically stored and maintained by spreadsheet applications. Since we use a simple data format, existing tables can be easily inspected with FOCUS. With the rapidly increasing public interest in on-line services like the World Wide Web we expect a growing demand for access to on-line catalogues and databases. FOCUS satisfies this demand, allowing formulation of simple database queries with an interface as easy to use as a Web browser.
Migrating collaborative applications to or near the workstations of active users can offer better performance in many scenarios. We have developed a client migration mechanism for centralized shared window systems tha...
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Migrating collaborative applications to or near the workstations of active users can offer better performance in many scenarios. We have developed a client migration mechanism for centralized shared window systems that does not require changes to existing application and system software. It is based on logging input at the old site and replaying it at the new site. This approach raises several difficult questions: How should the log size be kept low? How should response time be kept low while migration is in progress? How should applications that depend on the rate at which input is received be accommodated? How should the transition from the replay phase to the play phase be detected at the new site? How should the software at the old and new sites be synchronized? We have developed a series of alternative approaches for answering these questions and implemented them in the XTV [1] shared window system. In this paper, we motivate, describe, illustrate and evaluate these approaches, and outline how they are implemented.
Over the past few years a lot of different information visualization techniques have been proposed. Being a relatively new and large field, the spectrum of emerging techniques has not clearly been identified. Another ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780897917988
Over the past few years a lot of different information visualization techniques have been proposed. Being a relatively new and large field, the spectrum of emerging techniques has not clearly been identified. Another major consequence of the youthfulness of the field is that very few evaluation have been conducted so far. The aim of the panel will be to address these two points. First, panelist will characterize the spectrum of information visualization technology depending on tasks, users or data. Panelists will further discuss future trends in visualization technology by determining which are the most important features or challenges that information visualization systems should address. Second, the discussion will focus on how these systems are to be evaluated: through controlled experiments, system evaluation, long-time studies, verbal protocols, theoretical evaluations, or else?
One-way constraints have been widely incorporated in research toolkits for constructing graphical applications. However, although a number of studies have examined the performance of these toolkits' constraint sat...
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One-way constraints have been widely incorporated in research toolkits for constructing graphical applications. However, although a number of studies have examined the performance of these toolkits' constraint satisfaction algorithms, there have not been any empirical studies that have examined how programmers use constraints in actual applications. This paper reports the results of a study intended to address these matters. Seven graphical applications were chosen for their diversity and profiling information was gathered about their use of constraints. The data reveal that constraint networks tend to be modular, that is, divided into a number of small, independent sets of constraints rather than one monolithic set of constraints. This finding suggests that constraint satisfaction algorithms should be able to resatisfy constraints rapidly after a change to one or more variables. It also suggests that debugging constraints should not be unduly burdensome on a programmer since the number of constraints that must be examined to find the source of an error is not terribly large. Overall, the results of this study should provide a repository of data that will be useful in directing future research on optimizing constraint solvers and developing effective debugging techniques.
The Model View Controller (MVC) architecture has proven to be an effective way of organizing synchronous group-ware applications. Distributed implementations of MVC, however, can suffer from poor performance. This pap...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780897917988
The Model View Controller (MVC) architecture has proven to be an effective way of organizing synchronous group-ware applications. Distributed implementations of MVC, however, can suffer from poor performance. This paper demonstrates how optimized semi-replication of MVC architectures can lead to good performance over both local and wide area networks. We present a series of optimizations to network communication based on specific communication properties of groupware. These optimizations have been implemented in the Clock groupware development toolkit, allowing programmers to develop applications directly in the high-level MVC style, with Clock automatically providing optimized performance. Timings of an application developed in Clock show that usable speed was obtained in a highly interactive groupware application running between Toronto and Calgary, with a typical latency of 190 ms per round trip message. The paper discusses the tradeoffs involved in the algorithms, and presents timings to demonstrate the effectiveness of the different approaches. The timings show that when running over a wide area network, the best optimization can achieve a factor 60 speedup over the naive implementation of distributed MVC.
This paper proposes a new three-dimensional pointing device considering user friendliness and handiness. The proposed method utilizes five degrees of freedom via the medium of nonverbal voice of human. That is, the sp...
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In Graphic userinterfaces (GUIs), the task space is displayed on a VDT as a set of objects. When using a GUI, the operator uses a mouse to move the cursor and to click on an object. The cursor is analogous to the use...
ISBN:
(纸本)9780897918251
In Graphic userinterfaces (GUIs), the task space is displayed on a VDT as a set of objects. When using a GUI, the operator uses a mouse to move the cursor and to click on an object. The cursor is analogous to the user's finger and clicking the button is clearly analogous to pressing a button with a finger. The mouse button is also pressed to catch and move an object within a screen (dragging), but the hand movement for the dragging task is not analogous to catching an actual object. Normally, we grasp an object with our fingers to catch it. Also, when we grasp an object, we feel tactile and force sensation on our fingers. Therefore, we have developed a prototype of a new interface device with which an operator can grasp an object using opposition motion with the thumb and fingers, receive tactile and force sensations and we call this device the Grasping Mouse. The Hinged Mouse proposed earlier [1] has a structure similar to that of the Grasping Mouse, however, both tactile and force display were implemented to simulate the experience of grasping an object.
PC-Access is a system which combines both hardware and software in order to provide multimodal feedback in a Microsoft Windows graphical interface and within its applications. We propose two versions of PC-Access: one...
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PC-Access is a system which combines both hardware and software in order to provide multimodal feedback in a Microsoft Windows graphical interface and within its applications. We propose two versions of PC-Access: one which offers sound feedback with an enhanced drawing tablet, and another in which tactile stimuli are synthesized by a haptic pointing device. When using the second version, the user will be able to perceive the interface objects (e.g, icons, menus, windows) as well as actions (e.g, moving, re-sizing). Thus, PC-Access offers auditory information (non-verbal sounds and voice synthesis), reinforced by the sense of touch which in turn helps to direct manipulation.
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