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Divided at the Edge - Measuring Performance and the Digital Divide of Cloud Edge Data Centers

proceedings of the acm on Networking 2023年第CONEXT3期1卷 1-23页

作者： Noah Martin Fahad Dogar Tufts University Medford MA USA

Cloud providers are highly incentivized to reduce latency. One way they do this is by locating data centers as close to users as possible. These “cloud edge” data centers are placed in metropolitan areas and enable edge computing for residents of these cities. Therefore, which cities are selected to host edge data centers determines who has the fastest access to applications requiring edge compute — creating a digital divide between those closest and furthest from the edge. In this study we measure latency to the current and predicted cloud edge of three major cloud providers around the world. Our measurements use the RIPE Atlas platform targeting cloud regions, AWS Local Zones, and network optimization services that minimize the path to the cloud edge. An analysis of the digital divide shows rising inequality as the relative difference between users closest and farthest from cloud compute increases. We also find this inequality unfairly affects lower income census tracts in the US. This result is extended globally using remotely sensed night time lights as a proxy for wealth. Finally, we demonstrate that low earth orbit satellite internet can help to close this digital divide and provide more fair access to the cloud edge.

关键词： datacenter digital divide edge measurement networks

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Panel Discussion on the Future of Performance analysis and Engineering 1

Panel Discussion on the Future of Performance Analysis and E...

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1st Workshop on Performance Engineering, Modelling, analysis, and Visualization Strategy, PERMAVOST 2021

作者： Scully-Allison, Connor Francis Liem, Radita Solorzano, Ana Veroneze Labarta, Jesus Juckeland, Guido Schnorr, Lucas M. Katz, Max Pearce, Olga University of Arizona Tucson United States RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany Federal University of Rio Grande Do sul Porto Alegre Brazil Barcelona Supercomputing Center Barcelona Spain Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Dresden Germany NVIDIA Corporation Santa Clara United States Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450383875

In this panel, a team of four experts in performance analysis, parallel computing, and distributed systems discuss the future of performance analysis. A particular emphasis will be placed on how the growth of GPUs and cloud computing are changing the landscape of tools and techniques we are currently using. This panel will discuss the limitations of today's technology, the barriers to progress, the research which may help us overcome these barriers and provide insight into what future tools may look like. The panel is in the format of question & answer session given by the moderator combined with interactive communication with the audience. © 2021 Owner/Author.

关键词： Cloud computing

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Comparative analysis of model-free and model-based HVAC control for residential demand response 21

Comparative analysis of model-free and model-based HVAC cont...

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8th acm International Conference on systems for Energy-Efficient Built Environments, BuildSys 2021

作者： Kurte, Kuldeep Amasyali, Kadir Munk, Jeffrey Zandi, Helia Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450391146

In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of model-free reinforcement learning (RL) and model predictive control (MPC) approaches for intelligent control of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC). Deep-Q-network (DQN) is used as a candidate for model-free RL algorithm. The two control strategies were developed for residential demand-response (DR) HVAC system. We considered MPC as our golden standard to compare DQN's performance. The question we tried to answer through this work was, What % of MPC's performance can be achieved by model-free RL approach for intelligent HVAC control?. Based on our test result, RL achieved an average of ≈ 62% daily cost saving of MPC. Considering the pure optimization and model-based nature of MPC methods, the RL showed very promising performance. We believe that the interpretations derived from this comparative analysis provide useful insights to choose from various DR approaches and further enhance the performance of the RL-based methods for building energy managements. © 2021 acm.

关键词： Model predictive control

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Near-Data FPGA-Accelerated Processing of Collective and Inference Operations in Disaggregated Memory systems 7

Near-Data FPGA-Accelerated Processing of Collective and Infe...

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IEEE/acm 7th International Workshop on Heterogeneous High- Performance Reconfigurable computing (H2RC) Part of International Conference for High Performance computing, Networking, Storage and analysis (SC)

作者： Heinz, Carsten Koch, Andreas Tech Univ Darmstadt Embedded Syst & Applicat Grp Darmstadt Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781665446648

With growing data set sizes, many scientific and data center HPC workloads observe an increasing scaling imbalance, e.g., between compute and memory capacities. As a solution, disaggregated system architectures employ spatial distribution of the different resources. They aim for independent scaling of the different resource kinds (e.g., compute, non-volatile storage, memory), and use fast communication fabrics for their interconnection. However, for some bulk operations, such as reductions and collections, it is still beneficial to perform them close to the memories, avoiding the need to move large volumes of data over the fabric. This work realizes a disaggregated system capable of performing such near-data processing (NDP) operations by extending the distributed memory controllers with hardware-accelerated compute capabilities. The actual computations execute on FPGAs and can be abstractly described using C/C++ as compilable by high-level hardware synthesis (HLS) tools. We have aimed for high usability of our technology also by HPC experts unfamiliar with hardware design. An automated toolflow encapsulates the creation and deployment of the actual accelerators in the disaggregated system. The NDP operations execute distributed across all memory nodes, and are easily accessed using a simple MPI-based programming interface that requires only minimal effort to use in existing applications. Our solution is demonstrated using a prototype disaggregated system based on the low-latency EXTOLL fabric for communication. We evaluate both conventional reductions/collectives as well as complete machine-learning inference tasks.

关键词： Nonvolatile memory Memory management systems architecture Prototypes Process control Programming Hardware

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Towards Understanding Trust in Self-Adaptive systems

Towards Understanding Trust in Self-Adaptive Systems

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SEAMS International Workshop on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing systems, ICSE

作者： Dimitri Van Landuvt Dávid Halász Stef Verreydt Danny Weyns KU Leuven Belgium Masaryk University Czech Republic Linnaeus University Sweden

ISBN: (数字)9798400705854

ISBN: (纸本)9798350363838

Self-adaptive systems (SASs) can change their structures autonomously and dynamically adapt their behaviors aiming at (i) at-taining longer-term system goals and (ii) coping with inevitable dynamics and changes in their operational environments that are difficult to anticipate. As SASs directly or indirectly interact with, and affect humans, such degrees of autonomy create the necessity for these systems to be trusted or considered trustworthy. While the notions of ‘trust’ and ‘trustworthiness’ have been investigated for over a decade, particularly by the SEAMS community, trust is a broad concept that covers diverse notions and techniques and there is currently no clear view on the state of the art. To that end, we present the outcomes of an exploratory literature study that clarifies how trust as a foundational concept has been concretized and used in SASs. Based on an analysis of a set of 16 articles from the published SEAMS proceedings, we provide (i) a summary of the diverse quality attributes of SASs influenced by trust, (ii) a clarification on the different participant roles to trust establishment in SASs, and (iii) a summary of trust qualification or quantification approaches used in literature. This review provides a more holistic view on the current state of the art for attaining trust in the engineering of self-adaptive systems, and identifies research gaps worthy of further investigation.

关键词： Threat modeling measurement Adaptive systems Reviews Autonomous systems Ecosystems Security

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CCSW '23: Cloud computing Security Workshop 23

CCSW '23: Cloud Computing Security Workshop

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proceedings of the 2023 acm SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security

作者： Francesco Regazzoni Apostolos Fournaris University of Amsterdam & Università della Svizzera italiana Lugano Switzerland Industrial Systems Institute/Research Center ATHENA Patras Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9798400700507

Clouds and massive-scale computing infrastructures are starting to dominate computing and will likely continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Major cloud operators are now comprising millions of cores hosting substantial fractions of corporate and government IT infrastructure. CCSW is the world's premier forum bringing together researchers and practitioners in all security aspects of cloud-centric and outsourced computing, including: Side channel attacksCryptographic protocols for cloud securitySecure cloud resource virtualization mechanismsSecure data management outsourcing (e.g., database as a service)Privacy and integrity mechanisms for outsourcingFoundations of cloud-centric threat modelsSecure computation outsourcingRemote attestation mechanisms in cloudsSandboxing and VM-based enforcementsTrust and policy management in cloudsSecure identity management mechanismsCloud-aware web service security paradigms and mechanismsCloud-centric regulatory compliance issues and mechanismsBusiness and security risk models and cloudsCost and usability models and their interaction with security in cloudsScalability of security in global-size cloudsBinary analysis of software for remote attestation and cloud protectionNetwork security (DOS, IDS etc.) mechanisms for cloud contextsSecurity for emerging cloud programming modelsEnergy/cost/efficiency of security in cloudsmOpen hardware for cloud

关键词： cloud computing security and privacy

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ICDCN 2021 - proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Distributed computing and Networking

ICDCN 2021 - Proceedings of the 2021 International Conferenc...

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22nd International Conference on Distributed computing and Networking, ICDCN 2021

ISBN: (纸本)9781450389334

The proceedings contain 32 papers. The topics discussed include: asymmetric distributed trust;building next-generation healthcare systems using distributed machine learning;autonomous distributed systems of myopic mobile robots with lights;secure conflict-free replicated data types;P4Fuzz: compiler fuzzer for dependable programmable dataplanes;gathering with a strong team in weakly byzantine environments;communication costs in a geometric communication network;certification of an exact worst-case self-stabilization time;arbitrary pattern formation on infinite regular tessellation graphs;optimal exclusive perpetual grid exploration by luminous myopic opaque robots with common chirality;and performance analysis of a distributed algorithm for admission control in wireless networks under the 2-Hop interference model.

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Checking Conformance of Applications against GUI Policies 2021

Checking Conformance of Applications against GUI Policies

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29th acm Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE)

作者： Zhang, Zhen Feng, Yu Ernst, Michael D. Porst, Sebastian Dillig, Isil Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Calif Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA Google Mountain View CA 94043 USA Univ Texas Austin Austin TX 78712 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450385626

A good graphical user interface (GUI) is crucial for an application's usability, so vendors and regulatory agencies increasingly place restrictions on how GUI elements should appear to and interact with users. Motivated by this concern, this paper presents a new technique (based on static analysis) for checking conformance between (Android) applications and GUI policies expressed in a formal specification language. In particular, this paper (1) describes a specification language for formalizing GUI policies, (2) proposes a new program abstraction called an event-driven layout forest, and (3) describes a static analysis for constructing this abstraction and checking it against a GUI policy. We have implemented the proposed approach in a tool called Venus, and we evaluate it on 2361 Android applications and 17 policies. Our evaluation shows that Venus can uncover malicious applications that perform ad fraud and identify violations of GUI design guidelines and GDPR laws.

关键词： ad fraud static analysis user interface Android mobile app

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XQsim: Modeling Cross-Technology Control Processors for 10+K Qubit Quantum Computers 22

XQsim: Modeling Cross-Technology Control Processors for 10+K...

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49th IEEE/acm Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA)

作者： Byun, Ilkwon Kim, Junpyo Min, Dongmoon Nagaoka, Ikki Fukumitsu, Kosuke Ishikawa, Iori Tanimoto, Teruo Tanaka, Masamitsu Inoue, Koji Kim, Jangwoo Seoul Natl Univ Seoul South Korea Nagoya Univ Nagoya Aichi Japan Kyushu Univ Fukuoka Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781450386104

10+K qubit quantum computer is essential to achieve a true sense of quantum supremacy. With the recent effort towards the large-scale quantum computer, architects have revealed various scalability issues including the constraints in a quantum control processor, which should be holistically analyzed to design a future scalable control processor. However, it has been impossible to identify and resolve the processor's scalability bottleneck due to the absence of a reliable tool to explore an extensive design space including microarchitecture, device technology, and operating temperature. In this paper, we present XQsim, an open-source cross-technology quantum control processor simulator. XQsim can accurately analyze the target control processors' scalability bottlenecks for various device technology and operating temperature candidates. To achieve the goal, we first fully implement a convincing control processor microarchitecture for the Fault-tolerant Quantum Computer (FTQC) systems. Next, on top of the microarchitecture, we develop an architecture-level control processor simulator (XQsim) and thoroughly validate it with post-layout analysis, timing-accurate RTL simulation, and noisy quantum simulation. Lastly, driven by XQsim, we provide the future directions to design a 10+K qubit quantum control processor with several design guidelines and architecture optimizations. Our case study shows that the final control processor architecture can successfully support similar to 59K qubits with our operating temperature and technology choices.

关键词： Quantum computing Single flux quantum (SFQ) Cryogenic computing Modeling Simulation

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proceedings of PDSW 2019: IEEE/acm 4th International Parallel Data systems Workshop - Held in conjunction with SC 2019: The International Conference for High Performance computing, Networking, Storage and analysis

Proceedings of PDSW 2019: IEEE/ACM 4th International Paralle...

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4th IEEE/acm International Parallel Data systems Workshop, PDSW 2019

ISBN: (纸本)9781728160054

The proceedings contain 8 papers. The topics discussed include: towards physical design management in storage systems;applying machine learning to understand write performance of large-scale parallel filesystems;in search of a fast and efï¬ücient serverless DAG engine;enabling transparent asynchronous I/O using background threads;understanding data motion in the modern HPC data center;active learning-based automatic tuning and prediction of parallel I/O performance;proï¬üling platform storage using IO500 and mistral;and a foundation for automated placement of data.

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