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Human Heart Organoid-derived Extracellular Vesicles for Cardiac Intercellular Communication 23

Human Heart Organoid-derived Extracellular Vesicles for Card...

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10th acm International Conference on Nanoscale computing and Communication (NanoCom)

作者： Rudsari, Hamid Khoshfekr O'Hern, Colin Ural, Evran Damrath, Martin Neeb, Emily Zoofaghari, Mohammad Veletic, Mladen Louch, William E. Aguirre, Aitor Balasingham, Ilangko Contag, Christopher H. Michigan State Univ Inst Quantitat Hlth Sci & Engn E Lansing MI 48824 USA Oslo Univ Hosp Intervent Ctr N-0372 Oslo Norway Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Syst NO-7491 Trondheim Norway Yazd Univ Yazd Iran Univ Oslo Inst Expt Med Res N-0450 Oslo Norway

ISBN: (纸本)9798400700347

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are essential mediators of intercellular communication that can affect physiological and pathological conditions by transferring nucleic acids and proteins. In this study, we investigate EV-mediated intercellular communication using both in-silico and in-vitro models. We isolated EVs from human heart organoids (HHO);these systems reproduce many of the structural and functional aspects of the early developing human heart. These HHOs are grown under high glucose and high insulin conditions to model pregestational diabetes, a maternal disease associated with congenital heart defects. Using the diabetic HHO model, we hypothesized that EV miscommunication may be, in part, a cause of congenital heart defects associated with pregestational diabetes. EV characterization was done through Western blotting and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The anomalous diffusion and the biodistribution of EVs in a cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) were modeled using 3-dimensional partial differential equations, and the model was verified by particle-based simulations. Our in-vitro research identified Alix and Flotinin-1 proteins as markers of EVs from diabetic HHO, and NTA revealed that EVs with a diameter of 105 nm are detected most frequently. Our in-silico research demonstrates that EV concentrations in the cardiac ECM exhibit varying patterns based on our NTA characterization. Our findings can provide a foundation for future EV-mediated treatment methods and improve our understanding of intercellular communication in pregestational diabetes and heart development.

关键词： Extracellular vesicle human heart organoid Western blot nanoparticle tracking analysis mathematical model anomalous diffusion

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Fundamentally Understanding and Solving RowHammer 23

Fundamentally Understanding and Solving RowHammer

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28th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC)

作者： Mutlu, Onur Olgun, Ataberk Yaglikci, A. Giray Swiss Fed Inst Technol Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450397834

We provide an overview of recent developments and future directions in the RowHammer vulnerability that plagues modern DRAM (Dynamic Random Memory Access) chips, which are used in almost all computing systems as main memory. RowHammer is the phenomenon in which repeatedly accessing a row in a real DRAM chip causes bitflips (i.e., data corruption) in physically nearby rows. This phenomenon leads to a serious and widespread system security vulnerability, as many works since the original RowHammer paper in 2014 have shown. Recent analysis of the RowHammer phenomenon reveals that the problem is getting much worse as DRAM technology scaling continues: newer DRAM chips are fundamentally more vulnerable to RowHammer at the device and circuit levels. Deeper analysis of RowHammer shows that there are many dimensions to the problem as the vulnerability is sensitive to many variables, including environmental conditions (temperature & voltage), process variation, stored data patterns, as well as memory access patterns and memory control policies. As such, it has proven difficult to devise fully-secure and very efficient (i.e., low-overhead in performance, energy, area) protection mechanisms against RowHammer and attempts made by DRAM manufacturers have been shown to lack security guarantees. After reviewing various recent developments in exploiting, understanding, and mitigating RowHammer, we discuss future directions that we believe are critical for solving the RowHammer problem. We argue for two major directions to amplify research and development efforts in: 1) building a much deeper understanding of the problem and its many dimensions, in both cutting-edge DRAM chips and computing systems deployed in the field, and 2) the design and development of extremely efficient and fully-secure solutions via system-memory cooperation.

关键词： DRAM Security Vulnerability Technology Scaling Reliability Safety Errors Memory systems Fault Attacks RowHammer

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Beyond Visual Perception: Insights from Smartphone Interaction of Visually Impaired Users with Large Multimodal Models 25

Beyond Visual Perception: Insights from Smartphone Interacti...

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2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in computing systems, CHI 2025

作者： Xie, Jingyi Yu, Rui Zhang, He Billah, Syed Masum Lee, Sooyeon Carroll, John M. College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA United States Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Louisville Louisville United States College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University State CollegePA United States Ying Wu College of Computing New Jersey Institute of Technology NewarkNJ United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798400713941

Large multimodal models (LMMs) have enabled new AI-powered applications that help people with visual impairments (PVI) receive natural language descriptions of their surroundings through audible text. We investigated how this emerging paradigm of visual assistance transforms how PVI perform and manage their daily tasks. Moving beyond usability assessments, we examined both the capabilities and limitations of LMM-based tools in personal and social contexts, while exploring design implications for their future development. Through interviews with 14 visually impaired users of Be My AI (an LMM-based application) and analysis of its image descriptions from both study participants and social media platforms, we identified two key limitations. First, these systems' context awareness suffers from hallucinations and misinterpretations of social contexts, styles, and human identities. Second, their intent-oriented capabilities often fail to grasp and act on users' intentions. Based on these findings, we propose design strategies for improving both human-AI and AI-AI interactions, contributing to the development of more effective, interactive, and personalized assistive technologies. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to acm.

关键词： User centered design

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ThermWare: Toward Side-channel Defense for Tiny IoT Devices 23

ThermWare: Toward Side-channel Defense for Tiny IoT Devices

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24th International Workshop on Mobile computing systems and Applications, HotMobile 2023

作者： Garg, Nakul Shahid, Irtaza Avllazagaj, Erin Hill, Jennie Han, Jun Roy, Nirupam University of Maryland College Park United States Yonsei University Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)9798400700170

As malware in IoT devices flourishes, defenses are lacking. Traditional antivirus or intrusion detection-based defense techniques fail for the limited computational capabilities and the large diversity of platforms and environments. In this paper, we present ThermWare, a non-intrusive screening method to detect anomalous operations on embedded devices at run-Time. ThermWare relies on the observation that electronic circuits generate subtle patterns of heat at the component level when the corresponding module is accessed by the micro-operations (e.g., file-write) of the running code. We propose the use of these side-channel heat signatures captured by a thermal camera to determine the sequence of underlying computations in real time. An early implementation of ThermWare shows success in detecting common malware routines in general-purpose IoT devices. We envision leveraging the thermal side-channel to track the internal operations of an embedded device, which can potentially lead to broader applications in engineering embedded systems, monitoring device health and run-Time capacity, assisting embedded coding optimization, and physical layer security analysis. © 2023 Owner/Author.

关键词： Embedded systems

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ESCAPE: Countering Systematic Errors from Machine's Blind Spots via Interactive Visual analysis 23

ESCAPE: Countering Systematic Errors from Machine's Blind Sp...

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CHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems (CHI)

作者： Ahn, Yongsu Lin, Yu-Ru Xu, Panpan Dai, Zeng Univ Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA Amazon AWS Santa Clara CA USA Meta Santa Clara CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450394215

Classification models learn to generalize the associations between data samples and their target classes. However, researchers have increasingly observed that machine learning practice easily leads to systematic errors in AI applications, a phenomenon referred to as "AI blindspots." Such blindspots arise when a model is trained with training samples (e.g., cat/dog classification) where important patterns (e.g., black cats) are missing or periphery/undesirable patterns (e.g., dogs with grass background) are misleading towards a certain class. Even more sophisticated techniques cannot guarantee to capture, reason about, and prevent the spurious associations. In this work, we propose ESCAPE, a visual analytic system that promotes a human-in-the-loop workflow for countering systematic errors. By allowing human users to easily inspect spurious associations, the system facilitates users to spontaneously recognize concepts associated misclassifications and evaluate mitigation strategies that can reduce biased associations. We also propose two statistical approaches, relative concept association to better quantify the associations between a concept and instances, and debias method to mitigate spurious associations. We demonstrate the utility of our proposed ESCAPE system and statistical measures through extensive evaluation including quantitative experiments, usage scenarios, expert interviews, and controlled user experiments.

关键词： systematic error blind spot visual analytics visualization unknown-unknowns concept interpretability human-AI interaction

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SpatiaLearn: Exploring XR Learning Environments for Reflective Writing

SpatiaLearn: Exploring XR Learning Environments for Reflecti...

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2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in computing systems, CHI EA 2025

作者： Li, Jinqiao Neshaei, Seyed Parsa Müller, Livia Rietsche, Roman Davis, Richard Lee Wambsganss, Thiemo Bern University of Applied Sciences Bern Switzerland EPFL Lausanne Switzerland KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9798400713958

Reflective writing promotes deeper learning by enhancing metacognitive awareness and critical thinking, but learners often struggle with structuring their reflections and maintaining focus. Generative AI and advances in spatial computing offer promising solutions. Extended reality (XR) environments create immersive, distraction-free settings, while conversational agents use dialog-based scaffolding guides to structure learners’ thoughts. However, research on combining dialog-based scaffolding with XR for reflective writing remains limited. To address this, we introduce SpatiaLearn, an adaptive XR tool that enhances reflective writing through conversational guidance in both traditional and immersive environments. A within-subjects study (N = 19) compared participants’ performance in traditional laptop and XR environments. Qualitative analysis shows the spatial interface enhances engagement but raises challenges like unfamiliar interactions and health concerns, requiring task adaptation for XR. This study advances the design of immersive tools for reflective writing, highlighting both the opportunities and challenges of spatial interfaces. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).

关键词： Adaptive Education Conversational Tutoring Extended Reality (XR) Spatial computing

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Eye Movement analysis of Human Visual Recognition Processes with Camera Eye Tracker: Higher Mean and Variance of Fixation Duration for Familiar Images

Eye Movement Analysis of Human Visual Recognition Processes ...

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Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in computing systems, CHI EA 2023

作者： Chan, Samantha Zhang, Haimo Nanayakkara, Suranga Mit Media Lab Fluid Interfaces Group United States Oppo Research Institute China Augmented Human Lab National University of Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781450394222

Eye movements could provide information on a person's cognitive context. Previous works showed that human visual recognition processes could be detected via electrooculography (EOG) data and revealed top-ranked eye movement features for detection. However, they lack analysis on how eye movements differ when viewing recognised (familiar) and unrecognised (unfamiliar) images. EOG methods are less prevalent and have limited scalability for detecting other cognitive processes. Our study with 34 participants showed that saccade count and fixation count decreased while the mean and variance of fixation duration increased with image familiarity. We discuss the differences in eye movements when seeing images of different categories and lessons learnt for our next steps to enable implicit interactions using wearable camera-based eye trackers. © 2023 Owner/Author.

关键词： Eye movements

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"create a Fear of Missing Out" - ChatGPT Implements Unsolicited Deceptive Designs in Generated Websites Without Warning 25

"create a Fear of Missing Out" - ChatGPT Implements Unsolici...

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2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in computing systems, CHI 2025

作者： Krauß, Veronika McGill, Mark Kosch, Thomas Thiel, Yolanda Maira Schön, Dominik Gugenheimer, Jan Technical University of Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany School of Computing Science University of Glasgow Lanarkshire Glasgow United Kingdom Humboldt University of Berlin Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798400713941

With the recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), web developers increasingly apply their code-generation capabilities to website design. However, since these models are trained on existing designerly knowledge, they may inadvertently replicate bad or even illegal practices, especially deceptive designs (DD). This paper examines whether users can accidentally create DD for a fictitious webshop using GPT-4. We recruited 20 participants, asking them to use ChatGPT to generate functionalities (product overview or checkout) and then modify these using neutral prompts to meet a business goal (e.g., "increase the likelihood of us selling our product"). We found that all 20 generated websites contained at least one DD pattern (mean: 5, max: 9), with GPT-4 providing no warnings. When reflecting on the designs, only 4 participants expressed concerns, while most considered the outcomes satisfactory and not morally problematic, despite the potential ethical and legal implications for end-users and those adopting ChatGPT's recommendations. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to acm.

关键词： Report generators

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DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF HIGH PRECISION FREQUENCY ACQUISITION CIRCUIT

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF HIGH PRECISION FREQUENCY ACQUISITIO...

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2024 CSAA/IET International Conference on Aircraft Utility systems, AUS 2024

作者： Zhang, Qianqian Qu, Pangrang Zhu, Tian Zhao, Jun AVIC Computing Technique Research Institute No. 15 Jinye2nd Road Xi’an China

Reflecting the operational status of the engine, the determination of rotator speed is crucial, directly impacting the engine's control precision. In response to the engine speed measurement requirements, a system architecture and hardware design scheme of frequency acquisition circuit were proposed in this study, followed by an overall simulation using Saber software. In accordance with the technical requirements, an analysis and calculation of the transfer function of the band-pass filter network and the hysteresis threshold were conducted. By adjusting the RC parameters of the low-pass filter and incorporating a reference voltage to reduce the hysteresis threshold, the theoretical ideal design results were achieved. © The Institution of Engineering & Technology 2024.

关键词： Hysteresis

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A Systematic Literature Review to Characterize Asymmetric Interaction in Collaborative systems 25

A Systematic Literature Review to Characterize Asymmetric In...

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2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in computing systems, CHI 2025

作者： Bréhault, Victor Dubois, Emmanuel Prouzeau, Arnaud Serrano, Marcos IRIT University of Toulouse Toulouse France Université Paris-Saclay Inria CNRS Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9798400713941

Computer-mediated collaboration often relies on symmetrical interactions between users, where all the collaborators use identical devices. However, in some cases, either due to constraints (e.g. users in different environments) or by choice (e.g. using devices with different properties), users engage in asymmetrical interactions. Addressing such asymmetries in heterogeneous systems can be difficult as there has been no systematic analysis of how to define them, or their impact on collaboration. In this paper, we characterize the asymmetries that can arise between users' interactions within collaborative heterogeneous systems. To this end, we conduct a systematic literature review of asymmetric collaborative systems, coding their properties, including the interaction spaces, their input and output modalities, and shared feedback. We then define the dimensions of asymmetry that emerge from this review. We discuss their impact on collaboration and outline a set of challenges and opportunities for future research. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).

关键词： Remote collaboration

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