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Fully Automated Selfish Mining analysis in Efficient Proof systems Blockchains 24

Fully Automated Selfish Mining Analysis in Efficient Proof S...

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43rd acm SIGACT-SIGOPS Symposium on Principles of Distributed computing, PODC 2024

作者： Chatterjee, Krishnendu Ebrahimzadeh, Amirali Karrabi, Mehrdad Pietrzak, Krzysztof Yeo, Michelle Žikelić, Dorde Ist Austria Austria Sharif University of Technology Iran National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore Management University Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9798400706684

We study selfish mining attacks in longest-chain blockchains like Bitcoin, but where the proof of work is replaced with efficient proof systems - like proofs of stake or proofs of space - and consider the problem of computing an optimal selfish mining attack which maximizes expected relative revenue of the adversary, thus minimizing the chain quality. To this end, we propose a novel selfish mining attack that aims to maximize this objective and formally model the attack as a Markov decision process (MDP). We then present a formal analysis procedure which computes an ϵ-tight lower bound on the optimal expected relative revenue in the MDP and a strategy that achieves this ϵ-tight lower bound, where ϵ > 0 may be any specified precision. Our analysis is fully automated and provides formal guarantees on the correctness. We evaluate our selfish mining attack and observe that it achieves superior expected relative revenue compared to two considered *** concurrent work [Sarenche FC'24] does an automated analysis on selfish mining in predictable longest-chain blockchains based on efficient proof systems. Predictable means the randomness for the challenges is fixed for many blocks (as used e.g., in Ouroboros), while we consider unpredictable (Bitcoin-like) chains where the challenge is derived from the previous block. © 2024 Association for computing Machinery. All rights reserved.

关键词： Markov processes

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CANARI: A Monitoring Framework for Cluster analysis and Node Assessment for Resource Integrity

CANARI: A Monitoring Framework for Cluster Analysis and Node...

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2024 Workshops of the International Conference for High Performance computing, Networking, Storage and analysis, SC Workshops 2024

作者： Derue, Ryan T Verburgt, Jacob Purdue University Rosen Center for Advanced Computing West LafayetteIN United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350355543

In providing High Performance computing (HPC) systems to research faculty at universities, research computing facilitators must often strike a balance between providing the most up-to-date versions of commonly used software packages and libraries while also ensuring that the software ecosystem on the cluster is stable enough that version changes do not cause performance degradation to existing workflows. Additionally, the modern data centers where these ecosystems are running are very large, intricately complex systems that provide many points of failure. The sum of these two challenges present the need for tools that can help to ensure that these systems, and the software running on those systems, are continuing to perform at their expected levels. To this end, this paper will present a framework for Cluster analysis and Node Assessment for Resource Integrity that we call CANARI. CANARI was developed and used at the Rosen Center for Advanced computing (RCAC) to continuously monitor the availability of nodes in our clusters as well as their performance against synthetic benchmarks, ingest that performance data into a persistent database, mark nodes displaying performance regression offline, and provide summary reports and real-time updates to the Slack instance used at RCAC by using Slack's API. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Benchmarking HPC System Tuning Monitoring Performance Reporting

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A Fault-Tolerant Million Qubit-Scale Distributed Quantum Computer 24

A Fault-Tolerant Million Qubit-Scale Distributed Quantum Com...

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29th acm International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating systems (ASPLOS)

作者： Kim, Junpyo Min, Dongmoon Cho, Jungmin Jeong, Hyeonseong Byun, Ilkwon Choi, Junhyuk Hong, Juwon Kim, Jangwoo Seoul Natl Univ Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9798400703850

A million qubit-scale quantum computer is essential to realize the quantum supremacy. Modern large-scale quantum computers integrate multiple quantum computers located in dilution refrigerators (DR) to overcome each DR's unscaling cooling budget. However, a large-scale multi-DR quantum computer introduces its unique challenges (i.e., slow and erroneous inter-DR entanglement, increased qubit scale), and they make the baseline error handling mechanism ineffective by increasing the number of gate operations and the interDR communication latency to decode and correct errors. Without resolving these challenges, it is impossible to realize a fault-tolerant large-scale multi-DR quantum computer. In this paper, we propose a million qubit-scale distributed quantum computer which uses a novel error handling mechanism enabling fault-tolerant multi-DR quantum computing. First, we apply a low-overhead multi-DR error syndrome measurement (ESM) sequence to reduce both the number of gate operations and the error rate. Second, we apply a scalable multi-DR error decoding unit (EDU) architecture to maximize both the decoding speed and accuracy. Our multiDR error handling SW-HW co-design improves the ESM latency, ESM errors, EDU latency, and EDU accuracy by 3.7 times, 2.4 times, 685 times, and 6.1 center dot 10(10) times, respectively. With our scheme applied to assumed voltage-scaled CMOS and mature ERSFQ technologies, we successfully build a fault-tolerant million qubit-scale quantum computer.

关键词： Fault-tolerant quantum computing Distributed quantum computing Quantum error correction Cryogenic computing Single flux quantum (SFQ)

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What I Learned at the White House, or, the Importance of measurement Researchers Engaging with Policy 24

What I Learned at the White House, or, the Importance of Mea...

引用

acm Internet measurement Conference (IMC)

作者： Mislove, Alan Northeastern Univ Boston MA 02115 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798400705922

computing systems now impact almost every aspect of our daily lives. As these systems evolve and develop, they often raise new challenges to our security and privacy, as well as to our commitments to equity and justice. To identify and mitigate the risks that these new technologies present, it is crucial to have scientific and technological experts participate in the conversation. But fully addressing these issues in government-through legislation, regulation, policy development, and executive actions-requires that experts engage with policy and legislative processes, to be ''in the room where it happens.'' In this talk, I'll reflect on my 18 months serving at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) as Deputy U.S. Chief Technology Officer for Privacy. I'll provide an overview of the Biden-Harris Administration's work on fast-moving technologies such as AI as well as long-standing challenges such as privacy. I'll describe OSTP's role within the Executive Office of the President, and how OSTP works with and across the government to coordinate federal science and technology policy. Finally, I'll discuss the importance of members of computing-and the IMC community in particular-engaging with government. And I'll highlight opportunities to do so, ranging from responding to requests for information, to collaborative research projects, to tours of service and even careers in government.

关键词： Government regulation Law Policy measurement Artificial Intelligence

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Enabling Software Technologies for Critical COTS-based Spacecraft systems Invited Paper 23

Enabling Software Technologies for Critical COTS-based Space...

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20th acm International Conference on computing Frontiers (CF)

作者： Reghenzani, Federico Politecn Milan Dipartimento Elettron Informaz & Bioingn Milan Italy European Space Agcy Estec Noordwijk Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9798400701405

In this position article, we motivate the necessity to introduce three software methods in spacecraft computing platforms in order to enable to use COTS components: SIHFT, mixed-criticality, and probabilistic timing analysis. We investigate the benefits and the drawbacks of these techniques, especially in terms of safety, by also analyzing the standards to identify the current limitations that do not allow such techniques to be used. Finally, we recap current and future works, highlighting possible changes to standards.

关键词： Safety-Critical systems SIHFT Mixed-Criticality Real-Time

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Rethinking Process Management for Interactive Mobile systems 24

Rethinking Process Management for Interactive Mobile Systems

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30th International Conference on Mobile computing and Networking (acm MobiCom)

作者： Zheng, Jianwei Li, Zhenhua Qian, Feng Liu, Wei Lin, Hao Liu, Yunhao Xu, Tianyin Zhang, Nan Wang, Ju Zhang, Cang Tsinghua Univ Beijing Peoples R China Xiaomi Inc Beijing Peoples R China Univ Southern Calif Los Angeles CA 90089 USA UIUC Champaign IL USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798400704895

Modern mobile systems are featured by their increasing interactivity with users, which however is accompanied by a severe side effect-users constantly suffer from slow UI responsiveness (SUR). To date, the community have limited understandings of this issue for the challenges of comprehensively measuring SUR events on massive mobile devices. As a major Android phone vendor, in this paper we close the knowledge gap by conducting the first large-scale, long-term measurement study on SUR with 47M devices. Our study identifies the critical factors that lead to SUR from the perspectives of device, system, application, and app market. Most importantly, we note that the largest root cause lies in the wide existence of "hogging" apps, which persistently occupy an unreasonable amount of system resources by leveraging the optimistic design of Android process management. We have built on the insights to remodel Android process states by fully considering their time-sensitive transitions and the actual behaviors of processes, with remarkable real-world impact-the occurrences of SUR are reduced by 60%, together with 10.7% saving of battery consumption.

关键词： Interactive Mobile systems Slow UI Responsiveness Android Resource Management App Behaviors

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Performance and Power: Systematic Evaluation of AI Workloads on Accelerators with CARAML

Performance and Power: Systematic Evaluation of AI Workloads...

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2024 Workshops of the International Conference for High Performance computing, Networking, Storage and analysis, SC Workshops 2024

作者： John, Chelsea Maria Nassyr, Stepan Penke, Carolin Herten, Andreas Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Supercomputing Centre Jülich Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350355543

The rapid advancement of machine learning (ML) technologies has driven the development of specialized hardware accelerators designed to facilitate more efficient model training. This paper introduces the CARAML benchmark suite, which is employed to assess performance and energy consumption during the training of transformer-based large language models and computer vision models on a range of hardware accelerators, including systems from NVIDIA, AMD, and Graphcore. CARAML provides a compact, automated, extensible, and reproducible framework for assessing the performance and energy of ML workloads across various novel hardware architectures. The design and implementation of CARAML, along with a custom power measurement tool called jpwr, are discussed in detail. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Accelerators AI Benchmark Computer Vision Energy GPU IPU Machine Learning NLP Performance measurement

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The Hidden Carbon Footprint of Serverless computing 15

The Hidden Carbon Footprint of Serverless Computing

引用

15th Annual acm Symposium on Cloud computing, SoCC 2024

作者： Roy, Rohan Basu Kanakagiri, Raghavendra Jiang, Yankai Tiwari, Devesh Northeastern University United States Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati India

ISBN: (纸本)9798400712869

Due to the unique aspects of serverless computing like keep-alive and co-location of functions, it is challenging to account for its carbon footprint. This is the first work to introduce the need for systematic methodologies for carbon accounting in the serverless environment, propose new methodologies and in-depth analysis, and highlight how the carbon footprint estimation can vary based on the chosen methodology. It discusses how serverless-specific scheduling choices can impact the tradeoffs between performance and carbon footprint, with an aim toward standardizing methodological choices and identifying opportunities for future improvements. © 2024 Owner/Author.

关键词： Carbon capture and utilization

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CALVI: Critical Thinking Assessment for Literacy in Visualizations 23

CALVI: Critical Thinking Assessment for Literacy in Visualiz...

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CHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems (CHI)

作者： Ge, Lily W. Cui, Yuan Kay, Matthew Northwestern Univ Evanston IL 60208 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450394215

Visualization misinformation is a prevalent problem, and combating it requires understanding people's ability to read, interpret, and reason about erroneous or potentially misleading visualizations, which lacks a reliable measurement: existing visualization literacy tests focus on well-formed visualizations. We systematically develop an assessment for this ability by: (1) developing a precise definition of misleaders (decisions made in the construction of visualizations that can lead to conclusions not supported by the data), (2) constructing initial test items using a design space of misleaders and chart types, (3) trying out the provisional test on 497 participants, and (4) analyzing the test tryout results and refining the items using Item Response Theory, qualitative analysis, a wrong-due-to-misleader score, and the content validity index. Our final bank of 45 items shows high reliability, and we provide item bank usage recommendations for future tests and different use cases. Related materials are available at: https://***/pv67z/.

关键词： Information visualization Visualization literacy Visualization misinformation measurement Psychometrics

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The CVE Wayback Machine: Measuring Coordinated Disclosure from Exploits against Two Years of Zero-Days 23

The CVE Wayback Machine: Measuring Coordinated Disclosure fr...

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acm on Internet measurement Conference (IMC)

作者： Pauley, Eric Barford, Paul McDaniel, Patrick Univ Wisconsin Madison Madison WI 53706 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798400703829

Software security depends on coordinated vulnerability disclosure (CVD) from researchers, a process that the community has continually sought to measure and improve. Yet, CVD practices are only as effective as the data that informs them. In this paper, we use DScope, a cloud-based interactive Internet telescope, to build statistical models of vulnerability lifecycles, bridging the data gap in over 20 years of CVD research. By analyzing application-layer Internet scanning traffic over two years, we identify real-world exploitation timelines for 63 threats. We bring this data together with six additional datasets to build a complete birth-to-death model of these vulnerabilities, the most complete analysis of vulnerability lifecycles to date. Our analysis reaches three key recommendations: (1) CVD across diverse vendors shows lower effectiveness than previously thought, (2) intrusion detection systems are underutilized to provide protection for critical vulnerabilities, and (3) existing data sources of CVD can be augmented by novel approaches to Internet measurement. In this way, our vantage point offers new opportunities to improve the CVD process, achieving a safer software ecosystem in practice.

关键词： Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure Internet Telescopes Honeypots Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Intrusion Detection systems

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