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Traceability measurement analysis of Sustained Internet-Wide Scanners via Darknet 7

Traceability Measurement Analysis of Sustained Internet-Wide...

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7th IEEE Conference on Dependable and Secure computing, DSC 2024

作者： Han, Chansu Tanaka, Akira Takahashi, Takeshi Dadkhah, Sajjad Ghorbani, Ali A. Lin, Tsung-Nan National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Tokyo Japan Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity University of New Brunswick Fredericton Canada National Taiwan University Department of Electrical Engineering Taipei Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9798331540289

Darknet observation networks have experienced a significant surge in sophisticated and diverse Internet-wide scanning activities and investigative scanner operations. In addition to malware scanning attacks, reconnaissance scans to routinely probe the Internet space are also increasing in size to the point where they interfere with darknet data analysis. Since scans for investigative purposes that are not directly related to threats cause false positives in analysis, we desire to segregate them and focus on more substantive attack activities. Recent studies have proposed methods for analyzing these investigative scanners by clustering those with similar characteristics and tracing clusters based on IP addresses. However, these studies have primarily concentrated on specific cases and have yet to examine the traceability of all Internet-wide scanners comprehensively. In this study, we implement a naive cluster tracing method similar to those in existing studies to evaluate traceability. Specifically, we cluster scanners daily based on three features: the number of packets, the number of destination ports, and the number of destination IP addresses, and we assess traceability using the change rate of IP addresses and the distance of centroids. Our results reveal that approximately 98.4% of the scanners are difficult to trace, highlighting the need for more advanced and complex tracing methods. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Network security

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Stationary Behavior of Constant Stepsize SGD Type Algorithms: An Asymptotic Characterization

Stationary Behavior of Constant Stepsize SGD Type Algorithms...

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作者： Chen, Zaiwei Mou, Shancong Maguluri, Siva Theja Georgia Institute of Technology 755 Ferst Dr NW AtlantaGA30332 United States

Stochastic approximation (SA) and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithms are work-horses for modern machine learning algorithms. Their constant stepsize variants are preferred in practice due to fast convergence behavior. However, constant stepsize SA algorithms do not converge to the optimal solution, but instead have a stationary distribution, which in general cannot be analytically characterized. In this work, we study the asymptotic behavior of the appropriately scaled stationary distribution, in the limit when the constant stepsize goes to zero. Specifically, we consider the following three settings: (1) SGD algorithm with a smooth and strongly convex objective, (2) linear SA algorithm involving a Hurwitz matrix, and (3) nonlinear SA algorithm involving a contractive operator. When the iterate is scaled by 1/α, where α is the constant stepsize, we show that the limiting scaled stationary distribution is a solution of an implicit equation. Under a uniqueness assumption (which can be removed in certain settings) on this equation, we further characterize the limiting distribution as a Gaussian distribution whose covariance matrix is the unique solution of a suitable Lyapunov equation. For SA algorithms beyond these cases, our numerical experiments suggest that unlike central limit theorem type results: (1) the scaling factor need not be 1/α, and (2) the limiting distribution need not be Gaussian. Based on the numerical study, we come up with a heuristic formula to determine the right scaling factor, and make insightful connection to the Euler-Maruyama discretization scheme for approximating stochastic differential equations. © 2022 acm.

关键词： Asymptotic analysis

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Prevalence and Salience of Problematic Microtransactions in Top-Grossing Mobile and PC Games: A Content analysis of User Reviews 22

Prevalence and Salience of Problematic Microtransactions in ...

引用

CHI Conference on Human Factors in computing systems (CHI)

作者： Petrovskaya, Elena Deterding, Sebastian Zendle, David Univ York York N Yorkshire England

ISBN: (纸本)9781450391573

Microtransactions have become a major monetisation model in digital games, shaping their design, impacting player experience, and raising ethical concerns. Research in this area has chiefly focused on loot boxes. This begs the question whether other microtransactions might actually be more relevant and problematic for players. We therefore conducted a content analysis of negative player reviews (n=801) of top-grossing mobile and desktop games to determine which problematic microtransactions are most prevalent and salient for players. We found that problematic microtransactions with mobile games featuring more frequent and different techniques compared to desktop games. Across both, players minded issues related to fairness, transparency, and degraded user experience, supporting prior theoretical work, and importantly take issue with monetisation-driven design as such. We identify future research needs on why microtransactions in particular spark this critique, and which player communities it may be more or less representative of.

关键词： microtransactions mobile games dark patterns player experience ethics

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Response Time analysis for Energy-Harvesting Mixed-Criticality systems

Response Time Analysis for Energy-Harvesting Mixed-Criticali...

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25th Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE)

作者： Wang, Kankan Lin, Yuhan Deng, Qingxu Northeastern Univ Shenyang Liaoning Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9783981926361

With the increasing demand for real-time computing applications on energy-harvesting embedded devices which are deployed wherever it is not possible or practical to recharge, the worst-case performance analysis becomes crucial. However, it is difficult to bound the worst-case response time of tasks under both timing and energy constraints due to the uncertainty of harvested energy. Based on this motivation, this paper studies response time analysis for Energy-Harvesting Mixed-Criticality (EHMC) systems. We present schedulability analysis algorithm to extend the Adaptive Mixed Criticality (AMC) approach to EHMC systems. Furthermore, we develop two response time bounds for it. To our best knowledge, this is the first work of response time analysis for EHMC systems. Finally, we examine both the effectiveness and the tightness of the bounds by experiments.

关键词： Energy-harvesting mixed-criticality AMC response time analysis real-time scheduling

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Workflow Engines in the Compute Continuum: a Comparative analysis 23

Workflow Engines in the Compute Continuum: a Comparative Ana...

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proceedings of the IEEE/acm 16th International Conference on Utility and Cloud computing

作者： Marco Garofalo Gabriele Morabito Maria Fazio Antonio Celesti Massimo Villari MIFT Department University of Messina MESSINA Italy BIOMORF Department University of Messina MESSINA Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9798400702341

The intersection of Cloud and Edge computing has ushered in a new era of distributed computing, known as Continuum computing. This computational paradigm shift leverages the computational strength of Cloud infrastructure and the pervasiveness of Edge devices to handle massive workloads, reshaping the landscape of distributed computing. One of the most challenging applications of Continuum computing is the orchestration of scientific workflows, known as Continuum workflows. This problem is tackled by Workflow Management systems (WMSs). However, the variety of WMSs in the literature is based on different techniques due to the rapid evolution of these systems. This study aims to compare two WMSs, that are Pegasus WMS and OpenWolf, by analyzing their key orchestration strategies and evaluating the performance of the two systems on workflows designed for Artificial Intelligence (AI) tasks. This comparative analysis is the first step toward identifying the most suitable frameworks for deploying AI-driven pipelines across the Continuum.

关键词： continuum workflow compute continuum WMS artificial intelligence pegasus OpenWolf cloud-edge

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Towards AI Accountability Infrastructure: Gaps and Opportunities in AI Audit Tooling 25

Towards AI Accountability Infrastructure: Gaps and Opportuni...

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2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in computing systems, CHI 2025

作者： Ojewale, Victor Steed, Ryan Vecchione, Briana Birhane, Abeba Raji, Inioluwa Deborah Brown University ProvidenceRI United States Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States Data & Society Research Institute New YorkNY United States School of Computer Science and Statistics Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland Eecs University of California Berkeley BerkeleyCA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798400713941

Audits are critical mechanisms for identifying the risks and limitations of deployed artificial intelligence (AI) systems. However, the effective execution of AI audits remains incredibly difficult, and practitioners often need to make use of various tools to support their efforts. Drawing on interviews with 35 AI audit practitioners and a landscape analysis of 435 tools, we compare the current ecosystem of AI audit tooling to practitioner needs. While many tools are designed to help set standards and evaluate AI systems, they often fall short in supporting accountability. We outline challenges practitioners faced in their efforts to use AI audit tools and highlight areas for future tool development beyond evaluation - from harms discovery to advocacy. We conclude that the available resources do not currently support the full scope of AI audit practitioners' needs and recommend that the field move beyond tools for just evaluation and towards more comprehensive infrastructure for AI accountability. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).

关键词： auditing

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Exploring Early Adopters’ Use of AI Driven Multi-Agent systems to Inform Human-Agent Interaction Design: Insights from Industry Practice

Exploring Early Adopters’ Use of AI Driven Multi-Agent Syst...

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2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in computing systems, CHI EA 2025

作者： Naik, Suchismita Snellinger, Amanda Toombs, Austin L. Saponas, Scott Hall, Amanda K. Purdue University West LafayetteIN United States Microsoft Research RedmondWA United States Department of Informatics Indiana University BloomingtonIN United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798400713958

This case study explores the experiences of Microsoft employees, who are early adopters of multi-agent generative AI systems, as they experiment with these technologies to design, test, and deploy new tools attempting to bridge the gap between existing Microsoft products and emerging AI capabilities. Thirteen developers and creators participated in 60-minute semi-structured interviews to elicit their challenges, use cases, and lessons learned from their experimentation with multi-agent AI frameworks. A thematic qualitative analysis process was conducted to analyze the interview data. Participants reported building multi-agent AI tools to address tasks in team collaboration, productivity, customer support, creative processes, and security. Strategies for managing complexity, enhancing transparency, and balancing agent autonomy with human oversight were found to be important human-agent interaction design considerations. Findings from this study highlight the capabilities and limitations of specialized multi-agents within the contexts of participants’ use cases and provide insights to inform the human-agent interaction design of future multi-agent generative AI systems. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).

关键词： Design for manufacturability

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proceedings of the 11th Euro-American Conference on Telematics and Information systems, EATIS 2022

Proceedings of the 11th Euro-American Conference on Telemati...

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11th Euro-American Conference on Telematics and Information systems, EATIS 2022

ISBN: (纸本)9781450397391

The proceedings contain 20 papers. The topics discussed include: transforming ideas and developing entrepreneurship skills in computing sciences and informatics engineering courses;low-cost clusters on big data – a systematic study;image filtering model based on convolutional neural networks for automatic counting of post-larvae in aquaculture;designing future scenarios in e-tourism;an analysis on the use of blockchain by developers and application users;a blockchain solution for crowdfunding and cost analysis;further aspects of stochastic cooperative beamforming;a systematic review on teaching parallel programming;internet of things under a semantic perspective with user profiles;and comparison of statistical methods for time synchronization between network nodes equipped with UWB transceivers.

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Round Numbers Can Sharpen Cognition 22

Round Numbers Can Sharpen Cognition

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CHI Conference on Human Factors in computing systems (CHI)

作者： Nguyen, Huy A. Hofman, Jake M. Goldstein, Daniel G. Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Microsoft Res New York NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450391573

Scientists and journalists strive to report numbers with high precision to keep readers well-informed. Our work investigates whether this practice can backfire due to the cognitive costs of processing multi-digit precise numbers. In a pre-registered randomized experiment, we presented readers with several news stories containing numbers in either precise or round versions. We then measured their ability to approximately recall these numbers and make estimates based on what they read. Our results revealed a counterintuitive efect where reading round numbers helped people better approximate the precise values, while seeing precise numbers made them worse. We also conducted two surveys to elicit individual preferences for the ideal degree of rounding for numbers spanning seven orders of magnitude in various contexts. From the surveys, we found that people tended to prefer more precision when the rounding options contained only digits (e.g., "2,500,000") than when they contained modifer terms (e.g., "2.5 million"). We conclude with a discussion of how these fndings can be leveraged to enhance numeracy in digital content consumption.

关键词： number representation round numbers measurement experimentation cognitive efect recall estimation

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Data Distribution and Redistribution - A formal and practical analysis of the DDS Security Standard 25

Data Distribution and Redistribution - A formal and practica...

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40th Annual acm Symposium on Applied computing, SAC 2025

作者： Lauser, Timm Müller, Maximilian Baumgart, Ingmar Krauß, Christoph Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt Germany FZI Research Center for Information Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798400706295

The Data Distribution Service (DDS) is a popular communication middleware for the Internet of Things (IoT), providing its own security mechanisms specified in the DDS Security standard. In this work, we formally analyze the authentication handshake protocol and the encryption algorithm used in DDS. We discover a replay vulnerability in the encryption algorithm, implement a proof-of-concept attack on an open-source implementation of DDS, and review security-relevant changes in the recently published version 1.2. Copyright © 2025 held by the owner/author(s).

关键词： Middleware

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