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A study of translation rule classification for syntax-based statistical machine translation 3

A study of translation rule classification for syntax-based ...

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3rd workshop on syntax and structure in statistical translation, SSST 2009 at the 2009 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, naacl-hlt 2009

作者： Jiang, Hongfei Li, Sheng Yang, Muyun Zhao, Tiejun School of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology

ISBN: (纸本)9781932432398

Recently, numerous statistical machine translation models which can utilize various kinds of translation rules are proposed. In these models, not only the conventional syntactic rules but also the non-syntactic rules can be applied. Even the pure phrase rules are includes in some of these models. Although the better performances are reported over the conventional phrase model and syntax model, the mixture of diversified rules still leaves much room for study. In this paper, we present a refined rule classification system. Based on this classification system, the rules are classified according to different standards, such as lexicalization level and generalization. Especially, we refresh the concepts of the structure reordering rules and the discontiguous phrase rules. This novel classification system may supports the SMT research community with some helpful references. © 2009 Association for Computational Linguistics

关键词： Computer aided language translation

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Empirical lower bounds on alignment error rates in syntax-based machine translation 3

Empirical lower bounds on alignment error rates in syntax-ba...

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作者： Søgaard, Anders Kuhn, Jonas Center for Language Technology University of Copenhagen Denmark Dpt. of Linguistics University of Potsdam Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781932432398

The empirical adequacy of synchronous context-free grammars of rank two (2-SCFGs) (Satta and Peserico, 2005), used in syntax-based machine translation systems such as Wu (1997), Zhang et al. (2006) and Chiang (2007), in terms of what alignments they induce, has been discussed in Wu (1997) and Wellington et al. (2006), but with a one-sided focus on so-called "inside-out alignments". Other alignment configurations that cannot be induced by 2-SCFGs are identified in this paper, and their frequencies across a wide collection of hand-aligned parallel corpora are examined. Empirical lower bounds on two measures of alignment error rate, i.e. the one introduced in Och and Ney (2000) and one where only complete translation units are considered, are derived for 2-SCFGs and related formalisms. © 2009 Association for Computational Linguistics

关键词： Alignment

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A Semantic Evaluation of Machine translation Lexical Choice 7

A Semantic Evaluation of Machine Translation Lexical Choice

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7th workshop on syntax, Semantics and structure in statistical translation, SSST 2013

作者： Carpuat, Marine National Research Council 1200 Montreal Rd OttawaONK1A 0R6 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781937284473

While automatic metrics of translation quality are invaluable for machine translation research, deeper understanding of translation errors require more focused evaluations designed to target specific aspects of translation quality. We show that Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) can be used to evaluate the quality of machine translation lexical choice, by applying a standard phrase-based SMT system on the SemEval2010 Cross-Lingual WSD task. This case study reveals that the SMT system does not perform as well as a WSD system trained on the exact same parallel data, and that local context models based on source phrases and target n-grams are much weaker representations of context than the simple templates used by the WSD system. ©2013 Association for Computational Linguistics.

关键词： Machine translation

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Harmonizing word alignments and syntactic structures for extracting phrasal translation equivalents 9

Harmonizing word alignments and syntactic structures for ext...

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9th workshop on syntax, Semantics and structure in statistical translation, SSST 2015 at the naacl hlt 2015

作者： Deng, Dun Xue, Nianwen Guo, Shiman Computer Science Department Brandeis University 415 South Street WalthamMA02453 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781941643419

Accurate identification of phrasal translation equivalents is critical to both phrase-based and syntax-based machine translation systems. We show that the extraction of many phrasal translation equivalents is made impossible by word alignments done without taking syntactic structures into consideration. To address the problem, we propose a new annotation scheme where word alignment and the alignment of non-terminal nodes (i.e., phrases) are done simultaneously to avoid conflicts between word alignments and syntactic structures. Relying on this new alignment approach, we construct a Hierarchically Aligned Chinese-English Parallel Treebank (HACEPT), and show that all phrasal translation equivalents can be automatically extracted based on the phrase alignments in HACEPT. © 2015 Association for Computational Linguistics

关键词： Alignment

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Reordering model using syntactic information of a source tree for statistical machine translation 3

Reordering model using syntactic information of a source tre...

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作者： Hashimoto, Kei Yamamoto, Hirohumi Okuma, Hideo Sumita, Eiichiro Tokuda, Keiichi Nagoya Institute of Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering Gokiso-cho Syouwa-ku Aichi Nagoya-city Japan National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Kinki University School of Science and Engineering Department of Informaiton ATR Spoken Language Communication Research Labs

ISBN: (纸本)9781932432398

This paper presents a reordering model using syntactic information of a source tree for phrase-based statistical machine translation. The proposed model is an extension of IST-ITG (imposing source tree on inversion transduction grammar) constraints. In the proposed method, the target-side word order is obtained by rotating nodes of the source-side parse-tree. We modeled the node rotation, monotone or swap, using word alignments based on a training parallel corpus and source-side parse-trees. The model efficiently suppresses erroneous target word orderings, especially global orderings. Furthermore, the proposed method conducts a probabilistic evaluation of target word reorderings. In English-to-Japanese and English-to-Chinese translation experiments, the proposed method resulted in a 0.49-point improvement (29.31 to 29.80) and a 0.33-point improvement (18.60 to 18.93) in word BLEU-4 compared with IST-ITG constraints, respectively. This indicates the validity of the proposed reordering model. © 2009 Association for Computational Linguistics

关键词： Computer aided language translation

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CombiningWord Reordering Methods on different Linguistic Abstraction Levels for statistical Machine translation 7

CombiningWord Reordering Methods on different Linguistic Abs...

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7th workshop on syntax, Semantics and structure in statistical translation, SSST 2013

作者： Herrmann, Teresa Niehues, Jan Waibel, Alex Institute for Anthropomatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781937284473

We describe a novel approach to combining lexicalized, POS-based and syntactic treebased word reordering in a phrase-based machine translation system. Our results show that each of the presented reordering methods leads to improved translation quality on its own. The strengths however can be combined to achieve further improvements. We present experiments on German-English and German- French translation. We report improvements of 0.7 BLEU points by adding tree-based and lexicalized reordering. Up to 1.1 BLEU points can be gained by POS and tree-based reordering over a baseline with lexicalized reordering. A human analysis, comparing subjective translation quality as well as a detailed error analysis show the impact of our presented tree-based rules in terms of improved sentence quality and reduction of errors related to missing verbs and verb positions. ©2013 Association for Computational Linguistics.

关键词： Error analysis

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Discriminative reordering with Chinese grammatical relations features 3

Discriminative reordering with Chinese grammatical relations...

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作者： Chang, Pi-Chuan Tseng, Huihsin Jurafsky, Dan Manning, Christopher D. Computer Science Department Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States Yahoo! Inc. Santa ClaraCA95054 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781932432398

The prevalence in Chinese of grammatical structures that translate into English in different word orders is an important cause of translation difficulty. While previous work has used phrase-structure parses to deal with such ordering problems, we introduce a richer set of Chinese grammatical relations that describes more semantically abstract relations between words. Using these Chinese grammatical relations, we improve a phrase orientation classifier (introduced by Zens and Ney (2006)) that decides the ordering of two phrases when translated into English by adding path features designed over the Chinese typed dependencies. We then apply the log probability of the phrase orientation classifier as an extra feature in a phrase-based MT system, and get significant BLEU point gains on three test sets: MT02 (+0.59), MT03 (+1.00) and MT05 (+0.77). Our Chinese grammatical relations are also likely to be useful for other NLP tasks. © 2009 Association for Computational Linguistics

关键词： translation (languages)

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Taste of Two Different Flavours: Which Manipuri Script Works Better for English-Manipuri Language Pair SMT Systems? 7

Taste of Two Different Flavours: Which Manipuri Script Works...

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7th workshop on syntax, Semantics and structure in statistical translation, SSST 2013

作者： Singh, Thoudam Doren Gulmohor Cross Road No 9 Juhu Mumbai400049 India

ISBN: (纸本)9781937284473

The statistical machine translation (SMT) system heavily depends on the sentence aligned parallel corpus and the target language model. This paper points out some of the core issues on switching a language script and its repercussion in the phrase based statistical machine translation system development. The present task reports on the outcome of English- Manipuri language pair phrase based SMT task on two aspects - a) Manipuri using Bengali script, b) Manipuri using transliterated Meetei Mayek script. Two independent views on Bengali script based SMT and transliterated Meitei Mayek based SMT systems of the training data and language models are presented and compared. The impact of various language models is commendable in such scenario. The BLEU and NIST score shows that Bengali script based phrase based SMT (PBSMT) outperforms over the Meetei Mayek based English to Manipuri SMT system. However, subjective evaluation shows slight variation against the automatic scores. ©2013 Association for Computational Linguistics.

关键词： Computer aided language translation

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A Performance Study of Cube Pruning for Large-Scale Hierarchical Machine translation 7

A Performance Study of Cube Pruning for Large-Scale Hierarch...

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7th workshop on syntax, Semantics and structure in statistical translation, SSST 2013

作者： Huck, Matthias Vilar, David Freitag, Markus Ney, Hermann Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition Group Rwth Aachen University AachenD-52056 Germany Dfki GmbH Alt-Moabit 91c BerlinD-10559 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781937284473

In this paper, we empirically investigate the impact of critical configuration parameters in the popular cube pruning algorithm for decoding in hierarchical statistical machine translation. Specifically, we study how the choice of the k-best generation size affects translation quality and resource requirements in hierarchical search. We furthermore examine the influence of two different granularities of hypothesis recombination. Our experiments are conducted on the large-scale Chinese!English and Arabic!English NIST translation tasks. Besides standard hierarchical grammars, we also explore search with restricted recursion depth of hierarchical rules based on shallow-1 grammars. ©2013 Association for Computational Linguistics.

关键词： Computer aided language translation

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Synchronous Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems for Machine translation 7

Synchronous Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems for Machin...

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7th workshop on syntax, Semantics and structure in statistical translation, SSST 2013

作者： Kaeshammer, Miriam University of D¨usseldorf Universiẗatsstraße 1 Düsseldorf40225 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781937284473

We propose synchronous linear context-free rewriting systems as an extension to synchronous context-free grammars in which synchronized non-terminals span k 1 continuous blocks on each side of the bitext. Such discontinuous constituents are required for inducing certain alignment configurations that occur relatively frequently in manually annotated parallel corpora and that cannot be generated with less expressive grammar formalisms. As part of our investigations concerning the minimal k that is required for inducing manual alignments, we present a hierarchical aligner in form of a deduction system. We find that by restricting k to 2 on both sides, 100% of the data can be covered. ©2013 Association for Computational Linguistics.

关键词： Context free grammars

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