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Utility analysis of parallel simulation 03

Utility analysis of parallel simulation

引用

workshop on Principles of Advanced and distributed simulation (PADS)

作者： D.M. Nicol Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769519708

parallel computers are used to execute discrete event simulations in contexts where a serial computer is unable to provide answers fast enough, and/or is unable to hold the simulation state in memory. Traditional research in parallel simulation has focused on the degree to which a parallel simulator provides speedup. We take a different view and ask how a parallel simulator provides increased user defined utility as a result of being able to simulate larger problem sizes. We develop a model where the utility of simulating a particular simulation is an increasing function of the problem size, and ask whether overall utility accrues faster on a parallel computer if one uses it to simulate one large problem in parallel, several smaller problem instances concurrently and each in parallel, or concurrently many small problem instances on single processors. We show that under our model assumptions, utility is accrued faster either by running one large problem instance in parallel using all the available processors, or by running one small problem instance per processor, concurrently. When we consider how to optimize the utility per unit cost we find that one either runs a large problem using all available processors, multiple small problems with one per processor, or a small problem using exactly one processor. Determination of the optimal configuration depends on the user's assessment of how rapidly utility grows with the problem size. Our main contribution is to show the linkage between the effectiveness of parallel simulation and a user's perception of the value of larger problem sizes. We show that if that utility grows less than linearly in the problem size, then use of parallelism is sub-optimal. We give precise relationships between our model parameters that govern when parallelism optimizes utility, and when it optimizes price-performance. We see that when model parameters are in a "normal" range, a user's perception of utility must grow significantly-e.g. proporti

关键词： Analytical models Computational modeling Computer simulation parallel processing Concurrent computing Cost function Educational institutions Discrete event simulation Context modeling Couplings

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HLA-based adaptive distributed simulation of wireless mobile systems 03

HLA-based adaptive distributed simulation of wireless mobile...

引用

workshop on Principles of Advanced and distributed simulation (PADS)

作者： L. Bononi G. D'Angelo L. Donatiello Dipartimento di Scienze dellInformazione Università degli Studi di Bologna Bologna Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9780769519708

Wireless networks' models differ from wired ones at least in the innovative dynamic effects of host-mobility and open-broadcast nature of the wireless medium. Topology changes due to simulated hosts' mobility map on causality effects in the "areas of influence" of each mobile device. The analysis of wireless networks of interest today may include a potentially high number of simulated hosts, resulting in performance and scalability problems for discrete-event sequential simulation tools and methods, on a single physical execution unit (PEU). In a distributed simulation, the main bottleneck becomes the communication and synchronization required to maintain the causality constrains between distributed model components. We propose an HLA-based, dynamic mechanism for the runtime management and allocation of model entities in a distributed simulation of wireless networks models, over a cluster of PEUs. By adopting a runtime evaluation of causal bindings between model entities we map the causal effects of virtual topology changes to dynamic migration of data structures. Preliminary results demonstrate that the prototype heuristics lead to a reduction in the percentage of external communication between the PEUs, limited overheads and performance enhancements for a worst-case scenario.

关键词： Computational modeling Wireless networks Analytical models Runtime Network topology Personal communication networks Computer architecture Discrete event simulation Performance analysis Scalability

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Statistical methodology for Web-based simulation 03

Statistical methodology for Web-based simulation

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International workshop/Symposium on distributed simulation and Real-Time Applications (DS-RT)

作者： W.E. Biles J.P.C. Kleijnen Department of Industrial Engineering University of Louisville Louisville KY USA Department of Information Systems Tilburg University Tilburg Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9780769520360

This paper describes a procedure for assigning simulation trials to a set of parallel processors for the purpose of conducting a simulation study involving a complex simulation model in near real time. Unlike distributed simulation, where a complex simulation model is decomposed and its parts run in a parallel environment, the parallel replications approach discussed here involves running simulation replications to completion for the entire model. The unique element here is that the workload involved in running the simulation study is too time consuming to execute on a single workstation, so that the simulation analyst must utilize computer resources available through the Web. New statistical methodology is needed for running a complex simulation study in a Web-based, parallel replications environment.

关键词： Statistical analysis Analytical models Predictive models Computational modeling Computer simulation Industrial engineering Lifting equipment Information systems Real time systems Workstations

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A framework for executing parallel simulation using RTI 03

A framework for executing parallel simulation using RTI

引用

International workshop/Symposium on distributed simulation and Real-Time Applications (DS-RT)

作者： Zijing Yuan Wentong Cai M.Y.H. Low Parallel and Distributed Computing Center School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9780769520360

The grid enables large-scale resource sharing and makes it viable for running large-scale parallel and distributed simulations. The high level architecture (HLA) paradigm provides a software platform and interoperability interface for simulation components to utilize these hardware resources. However, neither the grid nor the HLA provides mechanism for resource management for parallel and distributed simulations. It is also noticed that substantial effort is required for writing program that conforms to the runtime infrastructure (RTI) requirements because of its complexity. In this paper, we introduce a framework for designing and executing parallel simulation using the RTI. The framework is also designed to assist load balancing and checkpointing. With the code library from our framework, the modeler is able to complete the design of a parallel simulation that runs on RTI by specifying the simulation configuration and the handling detail of each event. Our framework incorporates automatic code generation. It also uses data distribution management (DDM) to route simulation events (interactions) to achieve efficient use of network bandwidth.

关键词： Discrete event simulation Large-scale systems Resource management Computer architecture Hardware Writing Runtime Load management Checkpointing Libraries

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CCL v3.0: multiprogrammed semi-asynchronous checkpoints 03

CCL v3.0: multiprogrammed semi-asynchronous checkpoints

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workshop on Principles of Advanced and distributed simulation (PADS)

作者： F. Quaglia A. Santoro Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica Università di Roma La Sapienza Rome Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9780769519708

CCL (Checkpointing and Communication Library) is a recently developed software in support of optimistic parallel simulation on myrinet based clusters. Beyond classical low latency message delivery functionalities, this library implements CPU offloaded, semiasynchronous checkpointing functionalities based on data transfer capabilities provided by a programmable DMA engine on board myrinet network cards. The latest version of CCL (v2.4), designed for M2M-PCI32C myrinet cards, only supports monoprogrammed semiasynchronous checkpoints. This forces resynchronization between CPU and DMA activities each time a new checkpoint request must be issued at the simulation application level while the last issued one is still being carried out by the DMA engine. We present CCL v3.0 that, exploiting hardware features of more advanced M3M-PCI64C myrinet cards, supports multiprogrammed semiasynchronous checkpoints. The multiprogrammed approach allows higher degree of concurrency between checkpointing and other simulation specific operations carried out by the CPU, with obvious benefits on performance. We also report the results of the evaluation of those benefits for the case of a personal communication system simulation application.

关键词： Checkpointing Software libraries Delay Hardware Engines Discrete event simulation Costs Reduced instruction set computing Remuneration Concurrent computing

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Hybrid packet/fluid flow network simulation 03

Hybrid packet/fluid flow network simulation

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workshop on Principles of Advanced and distributed simulation (PADS)

作者： C. Kiddle R. Simmonds C. Williamson B. Unger Department of Computer Science University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780769519708

Packet level discrete event network simulators use an event to model the movement of each packet in the network. This results in accurate models, but requires that many events are executed to simulate large, high bandwidth networks. Fluid-based network simulators abstract the model to consider only changes in rates of traffic flows. This can result in large performance advantages, though information about the individual packets is lost making this approach inappropriate for many simulation and emulation studies. We present a hybrid model in which packet flows and fluid flows coexist and interact. This enables studies to be performed with background traffic modelled using fluid flows and foreground traffic modelled at the packet level. Results presented show up to 20 times speedup using this technique. Accuracy is within 4% for latency and 15% for jitter in many cases.

关键词： Fluid flow Telecommunication traffic Traffic control Computational modeling Discrete event simulation Emulation Bandwidth Costs Protocols Computer science

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A novel forwarding paradigm for position-based routing (with implicit addressing) 18

A novel forwarding paradigm for position-based routing (with...

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2003 18th IEEE Annual workshop on Computer Communications, CCW 2003

作者： Füßler, H. Widmer, J. Mauve, M. Hartenstein, H. Lehrstuhl für Praktische Informatik IV Mannheim Univ. Germany Switzerland University of Düsseldorf Germany NEC Network Labs. Europe Heidelberg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0780382390

Existing position-based unicast routing algorithms, which forward packets in the geographic direction of the destination, require that the forwarding node knows the positions of all neighbors in its transmission range. This information on direct neighbors is gained by observing beacon messages each node sends out periodically. Due to mobility, the information that a node receives about its neighbors becomes outdated, leading either to a significant decrease in the packet delivery rate or to a steep increase in load on the wireless channel as node mobility increases. We describe a mechanism to perform position-based unicast forwarding without the help of beacons. In our contention-based forwarding (CBF) scheme, the next hop is selected through a distributed contention process based on the actual positions of all current neighbors. For the contention process, CBF makes use of biased timers. To avoid packet duplication, the first node that is selected suppresses the selection of further nodes. Since the basic scheme can lead to packet duplication, we describe alternative ways of suppressing those. In addition to that, we compare the CBF schemes and standard greedy forwarding by means of simulation with ns-2. © 2003 IEEE.

关键词： parallel algorithms

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An event-synchronization protocol for parallel simulation of large-scale wireless networks 03

An event-synchronization protocol for parallel simulation of...

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International workshop/Symposium on distributed simulation and Real-Time Applications (DS-RT)

作者： C. Kelly R. Manohar Computer Systems Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769520360

We present a new conservative event-synchronization protocol, a time-based synchronization, for parallel discrete-event simulation of mobile ad hoc wireless networks. Simulators that use our protocol proceed at a scaled version of real time and send messages that correspond only to transmissions in the simulated network. We show that such simulators can maintain a constant execution time even as the sizes of the networks that they simulate grow. Moreover, we show that these simulators, when executed on a custom parallel architecture, are capable of simulating many networks faster than real time.

关键词： Wireless application protocol Discrete event simulation Large-scale systems Wireless networks Network-on-a-chip Computational modeling Mobile ad hoc networks Synchronization Clocks Computer networks

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Enabling large-scale multicast simulation by reducing memory requirements 03

Enabling large-scale multicast simulation by reducing memory...

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workshop on Principles of Advanced and distributed simulation (PADS)

作者： Donghua Xu G.F. Riley M.H. Ammar R. Fujimoto Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA Georgia Institute of Technology School of ECE College of Engineering Atlanta GA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769519708

The simulation of large-scale multicast networks often requires a significant amount of memory that can easily exceed the capacity of current computers, both because of the inherently large amount of state necessary to simulate message routing and because of design oversights in the multicast portion of existing simulators. We describe three approaches to substantially reduce the memory required by multicast simulations: 1) We introduce a novel technique called "negative forwarding table" to compress multicast routing state. 2) We aggregate the routing state objects from one replicator per router per group per source to one replicator per router. 3) We employ the NIx-Vector technique to replace the original unicast IP routing table. We implemented these techniques in the ns2 simulator to demonstrate their effectiveness. Our experiments show that these techniques enable packet level multicast simulations on a scale that was previously unachievable on modern workstations using ns2.

关键词： Large-scale systems Computational modeling Computer simulation Routing Computer networks Educational institutions Unicast Bandwidth Scalability Design engineering

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Resource co-allocation for parallel tasks in computational grids

Resource co-allocation for parallel tasks in computational g...

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International workshop on Challenges of Large Applications in distributed Environments

作者： Lizhe Wang Wentong Cai Bu-Sung Lee Simon See Wei Jie School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Sun Microsystems Inc. Singapore Institute of High Performance Computing Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)0769519849

Tasks running in computational Grids may require multiple types of resources simultaneously. Thus, co-allocation of multiple types of resources is needed when scheduling tasks. Traditional list scheduling heuristics cannot address the problem of resource co-allocation in computational Grids. This paper presents models for computational Grids and parallel tasks running in computational Grids. Based on these models, a parallel task scheduling algorithm for resource co-allocation in computational Grids is proposed. The algorithm identifies the critical resource of parallel tasks and tries to schedule a task as early as possible when all the resources required by the task are available. simulation results show that the algorithm can gain performance improvement, especially in the resource competitive computational Grid.

关键词： Concurrent computing Grid computing Processor scheduling Scheduling algorithm Computational modeling High performance computing distributed computing Sun Performance gain Resource management

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