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2009 acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPoPP'09

作者： Yang, Ke He, Bingsheng Luo, Qiong Sander, Pedro V. Shi, Pedro V. Zhejiang Univ. China HKUST Hong Kong

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583976

Recent research has shown promising results on using graphics processing units (GPUs) to accelerate general-purpose computation. However, today's GPUs do not support recursive functions. As a result, for inherently recursive algorithms such as tree traversal, GPU programmers need to explicitly use stacks to emulate the recursion. parallelizing such stack-based implementation on the GPU increases the programming difficulty;moreover, it isunclear how to improve the efficiency of such parallel implementations. As a first step to address both ease of programming and efficiency issues, we propose three parallel stack implementation alternatives that differ in the granularity of stack sharing. Taking tree traversals as an example, we study the performance tradeoffs between these alternatives and analyze their behaviors in various situations. Our results could be useful to both GPU programmers and GPU compiler writers. © 2009 acm.

关键词： Graphics processing unit

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Petascale Computing with Accelerators

Petascale Computing with Accelerators

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14th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming

作者： Kistler, Michael Gunnels, John Brokenshire, Daniel Benton, Brad IBM Corp Austin TX 78758 USA IBM Corp Yorktown Hts NY 10598 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583976

A trend is developing in high performance computing in which commodity processors are coupled to various types of computational accelerators. Such systems are commonly called hybrid systems. In this paper, we describe our experience developing an implementation of the Linpack benchmark for a petascale hybrid system, the LANL Roadrunner cluster built by IBM for Los Alamos National Laboratory. This system combines traditional x86-64 host processors with IBM PowerXCell (TM) 8i accelerator processors. The implementation of Linpack we developed was the first to achieve a performance result in excess of 1.0 PFLOPS, and made Roadrunner the #1 system on the Top500 list in June 2008. We describe the design and implementation of hybrid Linpack, including the special optimizations we developed for this hybrid architecture. We then present actual results for single node and multi-node executions. From this work, we conclude that it is possible to achieve high performance for certain applications on hybrid architectures when careful attention is given to efficient use of memory bandwidth, scheduling of data movement between the host and accelerator memories, and proper distribution of work between the host and accelerator processors.

关键词： Algorithms Performance Design Accelerators hybrid programming models

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Backtracking-based Load Balancing

Backtracking-based Load Balancing

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14th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming

作者： Hiraishi, Tasuku Yasugi, Masahiro Umatani, Seiji Yuasa, Taiichi Kyoto Univ Acad Ctr Comp & Media Studies Kyoto 6068501 Japan Kyoto Univ Grad Sch Informat Kyoto 6068501 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583976

High-productivity languages for parallel computing become more important as parallel environments including multicores become more common. Cilk is such a language. It provides good load balancing for many applications including irregular ones;that is, it keeps all workers busy by creating plenty of "logical" threads and adopting the oldest-first work stealing strategy. This paper proposes a "logical thread"-free framework called Tascell, which achieves a higher performance and supports a wider range of parallel environments including clusters without loss of productivity. A Tascell worker spawns a "real" task only when requested by another idle worker. The worker performs the spawning by temporarily "backtracking" and restoring its oldest task-spawnable state. Our approach eliminates the cost of spawning/managing logical threads. It also promotes the reuse of workspaces and improves the locality of reference since it does not need to prepare a workspace for each concurrently runnable logical thread. Furthermore, Tascell enables elegant and highly-efficient backtrack search algorithms with delayed workspace copying. For instance, our 16-queens problem solver is 1.86 times faster than Cilk on a system with two dual-core processors. Our approach also enables a single program to run in both shared and distributed memory environments with reasonable efficiency and scalability.

关键词： Design Languages Performance load balancing parallel computing backtracking backtrack search

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Application-aware management parallel simulation collections

Application-aware management parallel simulation collections

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2009 acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPoPP'09

作者： Yau, Siu-Man Karamcheti, Vijay Zorin, Denis Damevski, Kostadin Parker, Steven G. Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences New York University United States Department of Computer Science University of Utah United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583976

This paper presents a system deployed on parallel clusters to manage a collection of parallel simulations that make up a computational study. It explores how such a system can extend traditional parallel job scheduling and resource allocation techniques to incorporate knowledge specific to the study. Using a UINTAH-based helium gas simulation code (ARCHES) and the SimX system for multi-experiment computational studies, this paper demonstrates that, by using application-specific knowledge in resource allocation and scheduling decisions, one can reduce the run time of a computational study from over 20 hours to under 4.5 hours on a 32-processor cluster, and from almost 11 hours to just over 3.5 hours on a 64-processor cluster. © 2009 acm.

关键词： Resource allocation

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Effective Performance Measurement and Analysis of Multithreaded Applications

Effective Performance Measurement and Analysis of Multithrea...

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14th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming

作者： Tallent, Nathan R. Mellor-Crummey, John M. Rice Univ Houston TX 77251 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583976

Understanding why the performance of a multithreaded program does not improve linearly with the number of cores in a shared-memory node populated with one or more multicore processors is a problem of growing practical importance. This paper makes three contributions to performance analysis of multithreaded programs. First, we describe how to measure and attribute parallel idleness, namely, where threads are stalled and unable to work. This technique applies broadly to programming models ranging from explicit threading (e. g., Pthreads) to higher-level models such as Cilk and OpenMP. Second, we describe how to measure and attribute parallel overhead-when a thread is performing miscellaneous work other than executing the user's computation. By employing a combination of compiler support and post-mortem analysis, we incur no measurement cost beyond normal profiling to glean this information. Using idleness and overhead metrics enables one to pinpoint areas of an application where concurrency should be increased (to reduce idleness), decreased (to reduce overhead), or where the present parallelization is hopeless (where idleness and overhead are both high). Third, we describe how to measure and attribute arbitrary performance metrics for high-level multithreaded programming models, such as Cilk. This requires bridging the gap between the expression of logical concurrency in programs and its realization at run-time as it is adaptively partitioned and scheduled onto a pool of threads. We have prototyped these ideas in the context of Rice University's HPCTOOLKIT performance tools. We describe our approach, implementation, and experiences applying this approach to measure and attribute work, idleness, and overhead in executions of Cilk programs.

关键词： Performance Measurement Algorithms Performance Analysis Call Path Profiling Multithreaded programming Models HPCTOOLKIT

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Formal Verification of Practical MPI Programs

Formal Verification of Practical MPI Programs

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14th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming

作者： Vo, Anh Vakkalanka, Sarvani DeLisi, Michael Gopalakrishnan, Ganesh Kirby, Robert M. Thakur, Rajeev Univ Utah Sch Comp Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA Argonne Natl Lab Div Math & Comp Sci Argonne IL 60439 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583976

This paper considers the problem of formal verification of MPI programs operating under a fixed test harness for safety properties without building verification models. In our approach, we directly model-check the MPI/C source code, executing its interleavings with the help of a verification scheduler. Unfortunately, the total feasible number of interleavings is exponential, and impractical to examine even for our modest goals. Our earlier publications formalized and implemented a partial order reduction approach that avoided exploring equivalent interleavings, and presented a verification tool called ISP. This paper presents algorithmic and engineering innovations to ISP, including the use of OpenMP parallelization, that now enables it to handle practical MPI programs, including: (i) ParMETIS - a widely used hypergraph partitioner, and (ii) MADRE - a Memory Aware Data Re-distribution Engine, both developed outside our group. Over these benchmarks, ISP has automatically verified up to 14K lines of MPI/C code, producing error traces of deadlocks and assertion violations within seconds.

关键词： Verification MPI Message Passing Interface distributed programming model checking dynamic partial order reduction

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Architectural Support for Cilk Computations on Many-core Architectures

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2009年第4期44卷 285-286页

作者： Long, Guoping Fan, Dongrui Zhang, Junchao Chinese Acad Sci Inst Comp Technol Key Lab Comp Syst & Architecture Beijing 100864 Peoples R China

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Exploiting Global Optimizations for OpenMP Programs in the OpenUH Compiler

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2009年第4期44卷 289-290页

作者： Huang, Lei Eachempati, Deepak Hervey, Marcus W. Chapman, Barbara Univ Houston Dept Comp Sci Houston TX 77004 USA

The advent of new parallel architectures has increased the need for parallel optimizing compilers to assist developers in creating efficient code. OpenUH is a state-of-the-art optimizing compiler, but it only performs a limited set of optimizations for OpenMP programs due to its conservative assumptions of shared memory programming. These limitations may prevent some OpenMP applications from being fully optimized to the extent of its sequential counterpart. This paper describes our design and implementation of a parallel data flow framework, consisting of a parallel Control Flow Graph (PCFG) and a parallel SSA (PSSA) representation in OpenUH, to model data flow for OpenMP programs. This framework enables the OpenUH compiler to perform all classical scalar optimizations for OpenMP programs, in addition to conducting OpenMP specific optimizations.

关键词： Language Performance Theory Compiler Analysis OpenMP parallel SSA

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Stack-Based parallel Recursion on Graphics Processors

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2009年第4期44卷 299-300页

作者： Yang, Ke He, Bingsheng Luo, Qiong Sander, Pedro V. Shi, Jiaoying Zhejiang Univ Hangzhou Zhejiang Peoples R China

Recent research has shown promising results on using graphics processing units (GPUs) to accelerate general-purpose computation. However, today's GPUs do not support recursive functions. As a result, for inherently recursive algorithms such as tree traversal, GPU programmers need to explicitly use stacks to emulate the recursion. parallelizing such stack-based implementation on the GPU increases the programming difficulty;moreover, it is unclear how to improve the efficiency of such parallel implementations. As a first step to address both ease of programming and efficiency issues, we propose three parallel stack implementation alternatives that differ in the granularity of stack sharing. Taking tree traversals as an example, we study the performance tradeoffs between these alternatives and analyze their behaviors in various situations. Our results could be useful to both GPU programmers and GPU compiler writers.

关键词： Algorithms Languages Stack parallel Recursion Graphics Processors

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Preliminary Results on NB-FEB, a Synchronization Primitive for parallel programming

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2009年第4期44卷 295-296页

作者： Ha, Phuong Hoai Tsigas, Philippas Anshus, Otto J. Univ Tromso N-9001 Tromso Norway Chalmers Univ Technol Gothenburg Sweden

We introduce a non-blocking full/empty bit primitive, or NB-FEB for short, as a promising synchronization primitive for parallel programming on may-core architectures. We show that the NB-FEB primitive is universal, scalable and feasible. NB-FEB, together with registers, can solve the consensus problem for an arbitrary number of processes (universality). NB-FEB is combinable, namely its memory requests to the same memory location can be combined into only one memory request, which consequently mitigates performance degradation due to synchronization "hot spots" (scalability). Since NB-FEB is a variant of the original full/empty bit that always returns a value instead of waiting for a conditional flag, it is as feasible as the original full/empty bit, which has been implemented in many computer systems (feasibility).

关键词： Algorithms Reliability Theory many-core architectures non-blocking synchronization full/empty bit universal primitives combinability

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