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Automation of multi-layer multi-domain transport networks and the role of AI [Invited]

JOURNAL OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING 2025年第2期17卷 A124-A133页

作者： de Dios, Oscar Gonzalez Robles, Pablo Armingol Roelens, Liesbeth Muniz-Da-Costa, Alejandro de Miguel, Ignacio Barroso, Ramon J. Duran Fernandez-Palacios, Juan Pedro Tel Innovac Digital Madrid Spain Univ Valladolid Valladolid Spain

With increasing demand for customized connectivity, transport networks must evolve towards autonomous and customer-driven network management. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of network autonomy and the challenges associated with evolving toward higher levels of autonomy. Moreover, various use cases of artificial intelligence in network automation in ip-over-DWDM transport networks are also analyzed, in particular related to traffic prediction, quality of transmission, anomaly detection, network planning, and proactive failure management. Additionally, the role of generative AI in network operation is explored. Central to our discussion is a proposed control architecture based on open and standard SDN APIs, which incorporates network slicing for multi-layer transport networks and enables real-time access to normalized data, facilitating autonomous network operation.

关键词： Autonomous networks Artificial intelligence Real-time systems Planning Resource management Network slicing Data analysis Computer architecture Telemetry scalability

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Anomaly Detection for Mitigating xApp and E2 Interface Threats in O-RAN Near-RT RIC

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY 2025年 6卷 1682-1694页

作者： Hung, Cheng-Feng Tseng, Chi-Heng Cheng, Shin-Ming Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Taipei City 106335 Taiwan

As 5G networks advance, the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) is crucial in enabling openness and fostering collaboration across the telecom industry. O-RAN enhances flexibility, scalability, and interoperability through open interfaces, reducing dependence on a single vendor and promoting interoperability among vendors and solutions. The Near-Real-Time Radio Intelligent controller (Near-RT RIC) is crucial for optimizing network resources and improving user experience. However, the openness of O-RAN also introduces security challenges, particularly from third-party developed xApps and E2 nodes that may exploit vulnerabilities to launch attacks. This paper proposes an anomaly traffic detector to protect the Near-RT RIC from threats on the E2 interface. The anomaly traffic detector verifies the legality of signaling through an internal state machine analysis module and checks packet fields through a conformance check module while monitoring network traffic in real time to detect and mitigate Denial of Service attacks. Additionally, we designed a fuzzer to simulate random attacks, testing the capability of the anomaly traffic detector. The anomaly traffic detector not only successfully passes the test cases highlighted in the O-RAN Security Test Specifications, effectively detecting unauthorized traffic and signaling, but also identifies real-world vulnerability exploits, including CVE-2023-40997, CVE-2023-40998, CVE-2023-41627, and CVE-2023-41628, thereby significantly enhancing the security of the Near-RT RIC.

关键词： Open RAN Security Detectors ip networks Real-time systems 5G mobile communication Monitoring Resource management Optimization traffic control Anomaly detection E2 node E2 interface O-RAN security xApp

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QSCCP: A QoS-Aware Congestion control Protocol for Information-Centric Networking

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2025年第1期22卷 532-556页

作者： Bai, He Li, Hui Que, Jianming Smahi, Abla Zhang, Minglong Chongx, Peter Han Joo Li, Shuo-Yen Robert Wang, Xiyu Lu, Ping Peking Univ Sch Elect & Comp Engn Guangdong Prov Key Lab Ultra High Definit Immers M Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Fuyao Univ Sci & Technol Sch Comp Sci Fuzhou 350109 Peoples R China Mississippi State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Starkville MS 39762 USA Auckland Univ Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn Auckland 1010 New Zealand Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Natl Key Lab Sci & Technol Commun Chengdu 610054 Peoples R China ZTE Corp Cent R&D Inst Shenzhen 518057 Peoples R China ZTE Corp Dept Ind Digitalizat Solut Shenzhen 518057 Peoples R China

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a promising future network architecture that shifts the host-based network paradigm to a content-oriented one. Over the past decade, numerous ICN congestion control (CC) schemes have been proposed, tailored to address congestion issues based on ICN's transmission characteristics. However, several key challenges still need to be addressed. One critical issue is that most existing CC studies for ICN do not consider the diverse Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of modern network applications. This limitation hinders their applicability across various applications with different network performance preferences. Another ongoing challenge lies in improving transmission performance, particularly considering how to appropriately coordinate congestion control participants to enhance content retrieval efficiency and ensure reasonable resource allocation, especially in multipath scenarios. To tackle these challenges, we propose QSCCP, a QoS-aware congestion control protocol built upon NDN (Named Data Networking), a well-known ICN architecture. In QSCCP, diverse QoS preferences of various traffic are supported within a collaborative congestion control framework. A novel multi-level, class-based scheduling and forwarding mechanism is designed to ensure varied and fine-grained QoS guarantees. A distributed congestion notification and precise feedback mechanism is also provided, which efficiently collaborates with an adaptive multipath forwarding strategy and consumer rate adjustment to rationally allocate network resources and improve transmission efficiency, particularly in multipath scenarios. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that QSCCP satisfies diverse QoS requirements while achieving outstanding transmission performance. It outperforms existing schemes in throughput, fairness, delay, and packet loss, with a rapid convergence rate and excellent stability.

关键词： Quality of service Protocols Resource management Packet loss Receivers scalability Information-centric networking ip networks Diffserv networks Collaboration Information-centric networks congestion control transport protocol quality of service (QoS)

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Wireless-Aware TSN Engineering: Implications for 5G and Upcoming 6G networks

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IEEE NETWORK 2025年第3期39卷 99-107页

作者： Egger, Simon Duerr, Frank Varga, Balazs De Andrade, Marilet Sharma, Gourav Prateek Sachs, Joachim Harmatos, Janos Gross, James Univ Stuttgart Inst Parallel & Distributed Syst D-70569 Stuttgart Germany Ericsson Res H-1117 Budapest Hungary Ericsson Res S-16440 Stockholm Sweden KTH Royal Inst Technol Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci S-11428 Stockholm Sweden Ericsson Res Aachen D-52134 Germany

The importance of time- and mission-critical applications is increasing as industries and society are advancing in their digitalization. As such applications introduce stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements on the underlying network infrastructure, open standards like time-sensitive networking (TSN) and DetNet are being developed to provide dependable and time-sensitive communication in bridged LAN networks and ip networks, respectively. More recently, the extension to support wireless time-sensitive connectivity has received special interest due to improved network deployment flexibility with mobile devices. These efforts have led to the standardized support of TSN/DetNet in 5G, allowing the 5G system and its mobile devices to be integrated transparently into TSN/DetNet networks while conforming to their user and control plane protocols. Nevertheless, the induced packet delays- and in particular the packet delay variations (PDVs)- of 5G are significantly larger than in their wired counterparts. In this work, we illustrate that established methods to configure TSN/DetNet networks insufficiently address major runtime uncertainties, and that they would consequently result in QoS impairments or scalability issues. We therefore advocate for two systematic approaches to improve traffic shaping in this setting: first, we propose Packet Delay Correction where the PDV is corrected within the 5G system. Second, we introduce "wireless-aware" TSN scheduling to account for the packet delay characteristics of 5G. We demonstrate that wireless-aware TSN scheduling and Packet Delay Correction are complementary in their design and can be combined to provide formal end-to-end reliability guarantees at scale. In addition, being a key aspect to support wireless-aware TSN scheduling in 5G and future 6G networks, we introduce a data-driven framework to predict the packet delay characteristics of the wireless systems over a finite time horizon. Finally, we identify open research

关键词： 5G mobile communication Delays Wireless communication Wireless sensor networks Network topology Topology Ethernet Schedules Training Mission critical systems 6G mobile communication

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CoSAF: Toward a Secure Meta-Computing iioT Infrastructure Through Collaborative Source Address Filtering

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2025年第10期12卷 13709-13722页

作者： Yang, Shu Zhang, Zequn Cui, Laizhong Shenzhen Univ Coll Comp Sci & Software Engn Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China

The rapid growth of the Industrial Internet of Things (iioT) requires a secure meta-computing environment to support applications like industrial monitoring and remote control. However, this environment faces major security challenges, especially the risk of source address forgery, which can enable DDoS and botnet attacks, disrupting operations and compromising equipment. Current Internet infrastructure forwards packets based only on destination addresses, lacking the capability for source address verification. Although edge-based solutions like firewalls and systems, such as source address validation architecture (SAVA) and source address validation improvement (SAVI), are deployed, they fall short of comprehensive source address validation (SAV), allowing malicious traffic to propagate through core networks. To enhance security, a collaborative approach based on meta-computing principles is needed, allowing routers to verify source addresses cooperatively. Given the impracticality of fully upgrading routers, incremental deployment is essential. We show that optimizing incremental SAV deployment is NP-hard. To address this, we propose collaborative optimized source address filtering (COSAF), a heuristic algorithm that uses a sink-tree structure to effectively filter attack flows and optimize resource allocation. COSAF also takes SAV table capacity into account to improve resource utilization. Extensive simulations demonstrate that COSAF outperforms traditional methods.

关键词： Industrial Internet of Things Source address validation Collaboration ip networks scalability Network topology Faces Denial-of-service attack Resource management Heuristic algorithms Incremental deployment algorithm Industrial Internet of Things (iioT) intradomain meta-computing source address validation (SAV)

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Harmony: An Eco-Friendly Adaptive Rate control Scheme for Video-on-Demand in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Internet

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2025年第4期35卷 3867-3881页

作者： Li, Zitong Xu, Changqiao Xiao, Han Fang, Chuxing Zhong, Lujie Yang, Shujie Muntean, Gabriel-Miro Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun State Key Lab Networking & Switching Technol Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Capital Normal Univ Informat Engn Coll Beijing 100048 Peoples R China Dublin City Univ Sch Elect Engn Performance Engn Lab Dublin 9 Ireland

This paper addresses the rate control issue for Video-on-Demand (VoD) services in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite Internet. LEO systems employ long-distance Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), where the transmission rate of the last hop directly determines the Quality of Experience (QoE) levels for the VoD users and the satellite's energy consumption. Our research identifies two primary issues: (i) determining the transmission rate to ensure high user QoE while minimizing energy consumption, and (ii) ensuring fairness among users within the satellite coverage area. To address these issues, we model the multi-user VoD viewing process as a Partially Observable Markov Process (POMDP) and describe the interactions among users using a cooperative coalition game framework. We propose Harmony, a distributed and dynamic improvement solution based on the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) approach. Harmony intelligently determines each user's transmission rate by combining feedback from user applications and MEC server metrics, ensuring superior QoE levels, energy efficiency, and fairness. The trained Harmony can be adapted to various Adaptive BitRate (ABR) algorithms, providing scalability and immediate applicability in existing LEO networks. It can also achieve improved performance in dynamic user environments. Simulation results demonstrate that Harmony improves energy efficiency and fairness, while maintaining high QoE levels and reducing MEC traffic overhead by 28.1% to 62.6%.

关键词： LEO satellite internet video-on-demand non-orthogonal multiple access transmission rate decision dynamic cooperative reinforcement learning LEO satellite internet video-on-demand non-orthogonal multiple access transmission rate decision dynamic cooperative reinforcement learning

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scalability and traffic control in 9P networks ii

Scalability and traffic control in 9P networks II

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scalability and traffic control in ip networks ii

The proceedings contains 28 papers form the conference on scalability and traffic control in ip networks ii. Topics discussed include: achieving fairness in multicasting with almost stateless rate control;scalable service architecture for providing string service guarantees;observations on traffic flow patterns and traffic engineering practice;efficiency of TCP-friendly window adjustment strategies in wired/wireless networks;bandwidth provisioning for service overlay networks;internet worms and global routing instabilities;and results on the multiresolution structure of internet traffic traces;providing emergency services in internet telephony.

关键词： Packet networks

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scalability and traffic control in ip networks

Scalability and traffic control in IP networks

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scalability and traffic control in ip networks

The proceedings contains 32 papers from the conference on scalability and traffic control in ip networks. Topics discussed include: class provisioning using proportional delay differentiation;economics of scalable network services;flexible transport services for emerging opportunities in internet content delivery;position paper on networks with aggregate quality of service;enabling end-user network monitoring via the multicast consolidated proxy monitor;efficient server replication and client redirection for multicast services;and protocol design for scalable and reliable group rekeying.

关键词： Internet

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scalability and traffic control in ip networks (vol 26, pg 203, 2003)

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COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS 2003年第12期26卷 1432-1432页

作者： Fahmy, S Park, K Purdue Univ Dept Comp Sci W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

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scalability and traffic control in ip networks

Scalability and Traffic Control in IP Networks

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2001年

作者： Sonia Amin Fahmy Kihong Park

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