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Distributed fusion architectures and algorithms for target tracking

PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 1997年第1期85卷 95-107页

作者： Liggins, ME Chong, CY Kadar, I Alford, MG Vannicola, V Thomopoulos, S BOOZ ALLEN & HAMILTON INC SUNNYVALECA 94089 GRUMMAN CORP ADV TECHNOL & DEV CTRBETHPAGENY 11714

Modem surveillance systems often utilize multiple physically distributed sensors of different types to provide complementary and overlapping coverage on targets, In order to generate target tracks and estimates, the sensor data need to be fused. While a centralized processing approach is theoretically optimal, there are significant advantages in distributing the fusion operations over multiple processing nodes. This paper discusses architectures for distributed fusion, whereby each node processes the data from its own set of sensors and communicates with other nodes to improve on the estimates, The information graph is introduced as a way of modeling information flow is distributed fusion systems and for developing algorithms. fusion for target tracking involves two main operations: estimation and association. Distributed estimation algorithms based on the information graph are presented for arbitrary fusion architectures and related to linear and nonlinear distributed estimation results. The distributed data association problem is discussed in terms of track-to-track association likelihoods. Distributed versions of two popular tracking approaches (joint probabilistic data association and multiple hypothesis tracking) are then presented, and examples of applications are given.

关键词： Distribute ARCHITECTURE data association sensor Data algorithms fusion (melting) Target tracking fusion fusion reactions fusion, biological SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

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Multiple sensor fusion for long range surveillance: Design and performance issues

Multiple sensor fusion for long range surveillance: Design a...

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Conference on sensor fusion - architectures, algorithms, and applications

作者： Jones, G Raytheon Canada Ltd. (Canada)

ISBN: (纸本)081942482X

This paper provides a description and detailed review of a multiple hypothesis tracking system, which handles data from two radars, and a number of other sources. An efficient method for processing detections from two (time-offset) radars, and integrating them in the multiple hypothesis framework will be described. The implications of such a methodology on the tracking filter will also be discussed. The paper then explains the algorithm employed for fusion of Automatic Dependent Surveillance reports into the system, and concludes with a demonstration of some sample results.

关键词： multiple-hypothesis tracking sensor fusion

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Identity and attribute information fusion using evidential reasoning

Identity and attribute information fusion using evidential r...

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Conference on sensor fusion - architectures, algorithms, and applications

作者： Bosse, E Simard, MA Defence Research Establishment Valcartier (Canada) Lockheed Martin Canada (Canada)

ISBN: (纸本)081942482X

The aim of this paper is to explore the problem of fusing identity and attribute information emanating from different sources, and to offer the decision maker a quantitative analysis based on statistical methodology that can enhance his/her decision making process regarding the identity of detected objects. Two identity information fusion architectures are discussed here. The first is concerned with the fusion of identity declarations where the sources are expected to provide only useful and complete results such as an identity declaration. The second is concerned with the fusion of attribute information using a modified version of the Dempster-Shafer evidential combination algorithm.

关键词： sensors Information fusion Data fusion Data processing Radar Electronic support measures Telecommunications Signal processing Databases Probability theory

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Decision level data fusion using Bayesian inference

Decision level data fusion using Bayesian inference

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Conference on sensor fusion - architectures, algorithms, and applications

作者： Parish, J TRW Inc. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)081942482X

This paper describes a blackboard system for integrating observations from multiple sensors. Multiple sensors report observations to the blackboard system. The blackboard system correlates the observations to a set of active models, and the models are both temporally limited and also probabilistic. The design is object-oriented to allow for extensions that accommodate new models and sensors. An example application to a grid of sensors is presented

关键词： Bayesian inference blackboard systems data fusion

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fusion of data from spatially separated sensors using Riemannian manifolds

Fusion of data from spatially separated sensors using Rieman...

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Conference on sensor fusion - architectures, algorithms, and applications

作者： Cain, MP Booz*Allen & Hamilton Inc. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)081942482X

In this paper, an approach for representing target classes in feature space using Riemannian manifolds is explored. In a formal application of the approach, it is required that several basic assumptions used in the development of differential and Riemannian geometry are satisfied. These assumptions relate to the concepts of allowable parametric representations and allowable coordinate transformations. Developing target class representations which satisfy these assumptions has a direct consequence on the selection of a suitable feature set. Having found a suitable feature set, the approach results in a natural coordinate system in which to calculate distance metrics used in classification algorithms. In this paper, the approach is applied to a situation where an active sensor and a passive sensor are spatially separated and are simultaneously collecting data on a set of targets. It is shown that the use of the natural coordinate system offered by this approach leads to a straightforward and mathematically rigorous method for fusing the sensor data at the feature level.

关键词： Riemann data fusion feature level fusion classification

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E-O and SAR image analysis and registration applications

E-O and SAR image analysis and registration applications

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Conference on sensor fusion - architectures, algorithms, and applications

作者： Lampropoulos, GA Halet, A Rey, M Boulter, JF A.U.G. Signals Ltd. (Canada) Defence Research Establishment Ottawa (Canada) Defence Research Establishment Valcartier (Canada)

ISBN: (纸本)081942482X

in this paper we present an approach for association and registration of multi-sensor images. With no loss of generality, we consider herein the association and registration of SAR and Visible satellite images. Although the current approach as presented is a semi-automatic registration technique, there is sufficient promise for the development of a fully automatic multi-sensor multi-spectra registration approach. Some experimental results are presented.

关键词： Image segmentation Image registration Synthetic aperture radar Roads Image restoration Image analysis Image processing algorithms and systems sensors Satellite imaging Satellites

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Decision fusion using channels with communication constraints

Decision fusion using channels with communication constraint...

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Conference on sensor fusion - architectures, algorithms, and applications

作者： Yu, CT Varshney, PK Nan-Tai Institute of Technology (Taiwan) Syracuse Univ. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)081942482X

A decentralized detection system usually contains a number of remotely located local sensors that observe a common phenomenon and a data fusion center that makes a final decision. The local sensors are linked to the data fusion center by transmission channels. In this paper, some aspects of decision fusion problems with communication constraints are considered. Two interesting issues, namely, bandwidth allocation among the channels linking local sensors to the fusion center, and the trade-off between the number of sensors and the number of likelihood-ratio quantization levels at local sensors. are studied. Examples are presented for illustration.

关键词： bandwidth allocation sampling quantization data fusion distributed detection

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Decision fusion strategies for target detection with a three-sensor suite

Decision fusion strategies for target detection with a three...

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Conference on sensor fusion - architectures, algorithms, and applications

作者： Dasarathy, BV Dynetics Inc. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)081942482X

Boolean logic based decision fusion strategies for target detection with two sensors have been studied in detail in the literature over the years. Increasing the number of sensors to three, offers an aided dimension of flexibility in the design of fusion strategies. One could visualize a single stage fusion wherein the decision outputs of all the three sensor subsystems are fused simultaneously under a variety of strategies such as AND logic, or majority (simple or firm decisions only) logic, or a no-firm contradiction logic. Alternatively, one could explore a two-stage fusion strategy, wherein either an AND or an OR logic is used at the first stage combining the decisions of two of the sensor subsystems, followed by a similar logic choice combining the fused decision from the first level with the decision from the third sensor subsystem. Of these strategies, while some may turn out to be equivalent in a mathematical sense, others remain clearly unique. The study analyzes these strategies to assess their relative benefits. The papers concludes with a brief discussion on possible extensions in terms of temporal fusion strategies that exploit information derived from multiple looks and the potential for application to real-world problems such as mine detection.

关键词： sensor fusion decision fusion fusion strategies three-sensors suite mine detection

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Intelligent fusion processing in BMD applications

Intelligent fusion processing in BMD applications

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Conference on sensor fusion - architectures, algorithms, and applications

作者： McCullough, C Byrd, K Bjork, C Grider, G Smith, B Morris, N Dasarathy, B U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command (United States) Nichols Research Corp. (United States) Dynetics Inc. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)081942482X

Intelligent processing techniques are applied to a Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) application, focused on classifying the objects in a typical threat complex, using fused IR and Ladar sensors. These techniques indicate the potential to improve designation robustness against ''off-normal''/unexpected conditions, or when sensor data or classifier performance degrades. A Fused sensor Discrimination (FuSeD) simulation testbed was assembled for designation experiments, to evaluate test and simulation data, assess intelligent processor and classification algorithms, and evaluate sensor performance. Results were produced for a variety of neural net and other nonlinear classifiers, yielding high designation performance and low false alarm rates. Most classifiers yield a few percent in false alarm rate: rates are further improved when multiple techniques are applied via a Majority Based fusion technique. Example signatures, features, classifier descriptions, intelligent controller design, and architecture ate included. Work was performed for the Discriminating Interceptor Technology Program (DITP).

关键词： sensors LIDAR Intelligent sensors Neural networks Data fusion Doppler effect Computer simulations Detection and tracking algorithms Infrared sensors Infrared signatures

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Combined force and position Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Robotic tactile sensing system

Combined force and position Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) R...

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Conference on sensor fusion - architectures, algorithms, and applications

作者： Dargahi, J Eastwood, AR Kemp, IJ Glasgow Caledonian Univ. (United Kingdom)

ISBN: (纸本)081942482X

This paper reports on a tactile sensing system with only three sensing elements. The magnitude and position of the applied force is obtained by utilising triangulation approach combined with membrane stress, some information about shape of the contact object is obtained. The sensor is designed to overcome the problems of cross-talk between sensing elements, complexity and fragility which is associated with some PVDF tactile sensors arranged in matrix form. The theoretical analysis of the sensor is made and compared with experimental results. The limitation of the sensor is also reported.

关键词： tactile sensor robotics polyvinylidene fluoride piezoelectric cross talk sensing element

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