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robotic comfort zones

Robotic comfort zones

引用

conference on sensor fusion and decentralized control in robotic systems III

作者： Likhachev, M Arkin, RC Georgia Inst Technol Coll Comp Mobile Robot Lab Atlanta GA 30332 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819438618

This paper investigates how the psychological notion of comfort can be useful in the design of robotic systems. A review of the existing study of human comfort, especially regarding its presence in infants, is conducted with the goal being to determine the relevant characteristics for mapping it onto the robotics domain. Focus is placed on the identification of the salient features in the environment that affect the comfort level. Factors involved include current state familiarity, working conditions, the amount and location of available resources, etc. As part of our newly developed comfort function theory, the notion of an object as a psychological attachment for a robot is also introduced, as espoused in Bowlby's theory of attachment. The output space of the comfort function and its dependency on the comfort level are analyzed. The results of the derivation of this comfort function are then presented in terms of the impact they have on robotic behavior. Justification for the use of the comfort function in the domain of robotics is presented with relevance for real-world operations. Also, a transformation of the theoretical discussion into a mathematical framework suitable for implementation within a behavior-based control system is presented. The paper concludes with results of simulation studies and real robot experiments using the derived comfort function.

关键词： comfort zones comfort function attachment theory discrepancy theory behavior-based robotics

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sensor supervision and multi-agent commanding by means of "Projective Virtual Reality"

Sensor supervision and multi-agent commanding by means of "P...

引用

conference on sensor fusion amd decentralized control in robotic systems

作者： Rossmann, J Univ Dortmund Inst Robot Res D-44227 Dortmund Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819429848

When autonomous systems with multiple agents are considered, conventional control- and supervision technologies are often inadequate because the amount of information available is often presented in a way that the user is effectively overwhelmed by the displayed data. New virtual reality (VR) techniques can help to cope with this problem, because VR offers the chance to convey information in a intuitive manner and can combine supervision capabilities and new, intuitive approaches to the control of autonomous systems. In the approach taken, control and supervision issues were equally stressed and finally led to the new ideas and the general framework for Projective Virtual Reality. The key idea of this new approach for an intuitively operable man machine interface for decentrally controlled multi-agent systems is to let the user act in the virtual world, detect the changes and have an action planning component automatically generate task descriptions for the agents involved to project actions that have been carried out by users in the virtual world into the physical world, e.g. with the help of robots. Thus the Projective Virtual Reality approach is to split the job between the task deduction in the VR and the task "projection" onto the physical automation components by the automatic action planning component. Besides describing the realized projective virtual reality system, the paper will also describe in detail the metaphors and visualization aids used to present different types of (e.g. sensor-) information in an intuitively comprehensible manner.

关键词： Virtual reality Robots control systems sensors Visualization Space robots Cameras robotic systems Computer simulations robotics

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Solutions for 3-D self-reconfiguration in a modular robotic system:: implementation and motion planning

Solutions for 3-D self-reconfiguration in a modular robotic ...

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conference on sensor fusion and decentralized control in robotic systems III

作者： Ünsal, C Khosla, PK Carnegie Mellon Univ Inst Complex Engineered Syst Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819438618

In this manuscript, we discuss new solutions for mechanical design and motion planning for a class of three-dimensional modular self-reconfigurable robotic system, namely I-Cubes. This system is a bipartite collection of active links that provide motions for self-reconfiguration, and cubes acting as connection points. The links are three degree of freedom manipulators that can attach to and detach from the cube faces. The cubes can be positioned and oriented using the links. These capabilities enable the system to change its shape and perform locomotion tasks over difficult terrain. This paper describes the scaled down version of the system previously described in [1] and details the new design and manufacturing approaches. Initially designed algorithms for motion planning of I-Cubes are improved to provide better results. Results of our tests are given and issues related to motion planning are discussed. The user interfaces designed for the control of the system and algorithm evaluation is also described.

关键词： self-reconfiguration modular robots reconfiguration planning mechatronics collective robotics

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CAMPOUT: A control architecture for multi-robot planetary outposts

CAMPOUT: A control architecture for multi-robot planetary ou...

引用

conference on sensor fusion and decentralized control in robotic systems III

作者： Pirjanian, P Huntsberger, TL Trebi-Ollennu, A Aghazarian, H Das, H Joshi, SS Schenker, PS CALTECH Jet Prop Lab Pasadena CA 91109 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819438618

A manned Mars habitat will require a significant amount of infrastructure that can be deployed using robotic precursor missions. This infrastructure deployment will probably include the use of multiple, heterogeneous, mobile robotic platforms. Delays due to the long communication path to Mars limit the amount of teleoperation that is possible. A control architecture called CAMPOUT (control Architecture for Multirobot Planetary Outposts) is currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena, CA. It is a three layer behavior-based system that incorporates the low level control routines currently used on the JPL SRR/FIDO/LEMUR revers. The middle behavior layer uses either the BISMARC (Biologically Inspired System for Map based Autonomous Rover control) or MOBC (Multi-Objective Behavior control) action selection mechanisms. CAMPOUT includes the necessary group behaviors and communication mechanisms for coordinated/cooperative control of heterogeneous robotic platforms. We report the results of some ongoing work at the Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena, CA on the transport phase of a photovoltaic (PV) tent deployment mission.

关键词： behavior-based control multiple mobile robots robot outposts

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Dynamic sensor action selection with Bayesian decision analysis

Dynamic sensor action selection with Bayesian decision analy...

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conference on sensor fusion amd decentralized control in robotic systems

作者： Kristensen, S Hansen, V Kondak, K Daimler Benz AG Res Lab Autonomous Syst Intelligent Syst Grp D-10559 Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819429848

The aim of this work is to create a framework for the dynamic planning of sensor actions for an autonomous mobile robot. The framework uses Bayesian decision analysis, i.e., a decision-theoretic method, to evaluate possible sensor actions and selecting the most appropriate ones given the available sensors and what is currently known about the state of the world. Since sensing changes the knowledge of the system and since the current state of the robot (task, position, etc.) determines what knowledge is relevant, the evaluation and selection of sensing actions is an on-going process that effectively determines the behaviour of the robot. The framework has been implemented on a real mobile robot and has been proven to be able to central in real-time the sensor actions of the system. In current work we are investigating methods to reduce or automatically generate the necessary model information needed by the decision-theoretic method to select the appropriate sensor actions.

关键词： sensor selection action selection Bayesian decision analysis mobile robots

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Towards optimal sensor morphology for specific tasks: Evolution of an artificial compound eye for estimating time to contact

Towards optimal sensor morphology for specific tasks: Evolut...

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conference on sensor fusion and decentralized control in robotic systems III

作者： Lichtensteiger, L Univ Zurich Dept Comp Sci Artificial Intelligence Lab CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)0819438618

For a systematic investigation of the interdependence between an agent's morphology and its task environment we constructed a system that is able to automatically generate optimal sensor morphologies for given tasks. The system consists of a robot with an artificial compound eye where the angular positions of the individual facets can be autonomously modified. This paper describes experiments on using artificial evolution to optimise the compound eye morphology for the task of estimating time to contact with obstacles. The resulting morphologies are in goad agreement with the theoretically predicted optimal sensor density distribution for this task. By comparing our results with earlier experiments we find that our robot is able to evolve different optimal morphologies depending on the task required. Since the accuracy of our system proved to be good enough to easily distinguish qualitatively different optimal sensor morphologies we hope that also for more complex task environments it will allow us to identify the optimal sensor distribution with good precision.

关键词： adaptive hardware morphology artificial compound eye artificial evolution autonomous agents

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Reinforcement learning of periodical gaits in locomotion robots

Reinforcement learning of periodical gaits in locomotion rob...

引用

sensor fusion and decentralized control in robotic systems II conference

作者： Svinin, M Yamada, K Ushio, S Ueda, K Kobe Univ Dept Engn Mech Nada Ku Kobe Hyogo 6578501 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0819434329

Emergence of stable gaits in locomotion robots is studied in this paper. A classifier system, implementing an instance-based reinforcement learning scheme, is used for sensory-motor control of an eight-legged mobile robot. Important feature of the classifier system is its ability to work with the continuous sensor space. The robot does not have a priori knowledge of the environment, its own internal model, and the goal coordinates. It is only assumed that the robot can acquire stable gaits by learning how to reach a light source. During the learning process the control system is self-organized by reinforcement signals. Reaching the light source defines a global reward. Forward motion gets a local reward, while stepping back and falling down get a local punishment. Feasibility of the proposed self-organized system is tested under simulation and experiment. The control actions are specified at the leg level. It is shown that, as learning progresses, the number of the action rules in the classifier systems is stabilized to a certain level, corresponding to the acquired gait patterns.

关键词： Robots Gait analysis sensors control systems Light sources Space sensors Optical sensors Neural networks Oscillators Signal processing

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Robot work crews for planetary outposts: close cooperation and coordination of multiple mobile robots

Robot work crews for planetary outposts: close cooperation a...

引用

conference on sensor fusion and decentralized control in robotic systems III

作者： Schenker, PS Huntsberger, TL Pirjanian, P Trebi-Ollennu, A Das, H Joshi, S Aghazarian, H Ganino, AJ Kennedy, BA Garrett, MS CALTECH Jet Prop Lab Pasadena CA 91109 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819438618

We report on the development of cooperating multiple robots. This work builds from our earlier research on autonomous planetary revers and robot arms. Here, we seek to closely coordinate the mobility and manipulation of multiple robots to perform site construction operations-as an example, the autonomous deployment of a planetary power station-a task viewed as essential to a sustained robotic presence and human habitation on Mars. There are numerous technical challenges;these include the mobile handling of extended objects, as well as cooperative transport/navigation of such objects over natural, unpredictable terrain. We describe an extensible system concept, related simulations, a hardware implementation, and preliminary experimental results. In support of this work we have developed an enabling hybrid control architecture wherein multi-robot mobility and sensor-based controls are derived as group compositions and coordination of more basic behaviors under a task-level multi-agent planner. We summarize this control Architecture for Multi-robot Planetary Outposts (CAMPOUT), and its application to physical experiments where two revers carry an extended payload over natural terrain.

关键词： mobile robots cooperating robots robot control architecture sensor fusion intelligent control Mars exploration Mars rovers robot outposts field robotics mobile manipulation robotic navigation SRR (Sample Return Rover)

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Anticipation as a key for collaboration in a team of agents: A case study in robotic soccer

Anticipation as a key for collaboration in a team of agents:...

引用

sensor fusion and decentralized control in robotic systems II conference

作者： Veloso, M Stone, P Bowling, M Carnegie Mellon Univ Dept Comp Sci Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819434329

We investigate teams of complete autonomous agents that can collaborate towards achieving precise objectives in an adversarial dynamic environment. We have pursued this work in the context of robotic soccer both in simulation and with real physical robots. We briefly present these two frameworks emphasizing their different technical challenges. Creating effective members of a team is a challenging research problem. We first address this issue by introducing a team architecture organization which allows for a rich task decomposition between team members. The main contribution of this paper is our introduction of an action-selection algorithm that allows for a teammate to anticipate the needs of other teammates. Anticipation is critical for maximizing the probability of successful collaboration in teams of agents. We show how our contribution applies to the two concrete robotic soccer frameworks and present controlled empirical results run in simulation. Anticipation was successfully used by both our CMUnited-98 simulator and CMUnited-98 small-robot teams in the RoboCup98 competition. The two teams are RoboCup-98 world champions each in its own league.

关键词： Robots robotics Computer simulations Algorithm development Indium nitride Motion estimation robotic systems sensors Ions Process control

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A framework for implementing self-organising task-oriented multi-sensor networks

A framework for implementing self-organising task-oriented m...

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conference on sensor fusion amd decentralized control in robotic systems

作者： Scheering, C Knoll, A Univ Bielefeld Fac Technol D-33501 Bielefeld Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819429848

Advanced manipulation skills that enable cooperating robots in a work cell to recognise, handle and assemble arbitrarily placed objects require sensory information on both the environment and assembly process. Using standard approaches it becomes difficult to coordinate sensor usage and data fusion under a given task when the number of sensors becomes large or is changed during run-time. We present a solution to both coordination and fusion based on the multi (sensor) agent paradigm: each agent implements a sensory skill, a negotiation protocol and a physical communication interface to all other agents. Within this sensor-network teams cooperate on a common task. They are formed dynamically after a negotiation phase following a specific task formulation. Our framework consists of a formal specification of the requirements that the sensory skill of an agent has to meet and a comprehensive library of (C++)-objects encapsulating all of the negotiation protocol and communications. This separation makes it very easy to implement individual sensory skills. We show how the abstract concepts of this approach and the metaphor of "negotiation" work in a real-world network: several uncalibrated cameras are used to guide a manipulator towards a target. We also show how agent-teams may easily (self-)reconfigure during task execution in the case of unexpected events. The framework is distributed free of charge and can be obtained over the Internet at http://***.

关键词： multi-sensor network distributed sensing sensor-fusion multi-agents uncalibrated visual servoing contract net

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