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One-step fabrication of Pd and Au-modified polyaniline MEMS sensors for ppb-level NH3 detection at room temperature

sensors AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL 2025年 386卷

作者： Zhang, Ting Shen, Wenfeng Lv, Dawu Song, Weijie Tan, Ruiqin Ningbo Univ Sch Mat Sci & Chem Engn Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Ningbo Inst Mat Technol & Engn Zhejiang Prov Engn Res Ctr Energy Optoelect Mat & Ningbo 315201 Zhejiang Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Ctr Mat Sci & Optoelect Engn Beijing 100049 Peoples R China CS Microsensor Ningbo Technol Co Ltd Ningbo 311121 Zhejiang Peoples R China

In this work, we innovatively prepared Pd and Au-modified polyaniline MEMS ammonia sensors through a onestep in situ polymerization. The sensor exhibited an impressive 127 % response to 1 ppm NH3 at room temperature, featuring a swift response time of 44 s, a recovery time of 91 s, a detection limit as low as 0.2 ppb, and exceptional selectivity. Furthermore, the sensor showed exceptional long-term stability over a 31-day evaluation period, with minimal response fluctuations under 6 %. The exceptional sensor performance can be attributed to its distinctive film structure and the synergistic catalytic activity of the Au and Pd nanoparticles, establishing it as an efficient, stable, and cost-effective solution for NH3 detection. Additionally, the sensor's compact design, ease of mass production, and seamless integration with circuits make it particularly suited for applications in environmental monitoring and disease diagnostics.

关键词： MEMS sensor NH3 sensor Polyaniline Ppb-level detection In-situ synthesis

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sensor-based prevention of falls and pressure ulcers: A scoping review

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INFORMATICS 2025年 199卷 105878-105878页

作者： Winkler, Anna Pallauf, Martin Krutter, Simon Kutschar, Patrick Osterbrink, Juergen Nestler, Nadja Paracelsus Med Univ Inst Nursing Sci & Practice Strubergasse 21 A-5020 Salzburg Austria Paracelsus Med Univ Ctr Publ Hlth & Healthcare Res Salzburg Austria

Purpose: Falls and pressure ulcers are serious complications impacting care quality in nursing homes. sensor technologies can help prevent these adverse events through continuous monitoring and timely intervention. This scoping review, following JBI guidelines, evaluated the effects of sensor-based fall and pressure ulcer prevention in long-term care and the experiences of patients and healthcare professionals. Methods: The review included primary studies, reviews, and protocols published from 2014 to 2023. Screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal were conducted independently by two authors using MMAT and JBI tools. Results: A total of 31 studies were included: 22 on fall prevention, eight on pressure ulcer prevention, and one addressing both. User-based sensors were effective in preventing both falls and pressure ulcers. Accelerometers enhanced sensitivity for fall detection and adherence to repositioning protocols. Context-based sensors, such as Doppler, webcams, and Kinect, showed variable precision and false alarm rates, while range sensors demonstrated high precision. Context-based accelerometers were promising for pressure ulcer prevention, but pressure sensors provided inconsistent data. Additional manual assessments enhanced sensor data accuracy. Patients preferred non-obtrusive, user-friendly sensors, while healthcare professionals emphasized the need for seamless integration into care routines. Both groups valued real-time monitoring and alert capabilities, though privacy and data security remained concerns. Conclusions: sensor technologies show potential in enhancing patient safety and care quality in long-term care, though further refinement is needed for context-based sensors in pressure ulcer prevention. Integrating these technologies with standard care can improve outcomes, but addressing privacy and ethical issues is essential for broader acceptance.

关键词： Long-Term Care Falls Pressure Ulcers Prevention sensor Scoping Review

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A Review of Digital Pixel sensors

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IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 8533-8551页

作者： Udoy, Md Rahatul Islam Alam, Shamiul Islam, Md Mazharul Jaiswal, Akhilesh Aziz, Ahmedullah Univ Tennessee Knoxville Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Knoxville TN 37996 USA Univ Wisconsin Madison Dept Elect & Comp Engn Madison WI 53706 USA

Digital pixel sensor (DPS) has evolved as a pivotal component in modern imaging systems and has the potential to revolutionize various fields such as medical imaging, astronomy, surveillance, IoT devices, etc. Compared to analog pixel sensors, the DPS offers high speed and good image quality. However, the introduced intrinsic complexity within each pixel, primarily attributed to the accommodation of the ADC circuit, engenders a substantial increase in the pixel pitch. Unfortunately, such a pronounced escalation in pixel pitch drastically undermines the feasibility of achieving high-density integration, which is an obstacle that significantly narrows down the field of potential applications. Nonetheless, designing compact conversion circuits along with strategic integration of 3D architectural paradigms can be a potential remedy to the prevailing situation. This review article presents a comprehensive overview of the vast area of DPS technology. The operating principles, advantages, and challenges of different types of DPS circuits have been analyzed. We categorize the schemes into several categories based on ADC operation. A comparative study based on different performance metrics has also been showcased for a well-rounded understanding.

关键词： Computer vision digital pixel sensor (DPS) pixel sensor photodiode camera pixel-level ADC in-pixel ADC in-pixel processing Computer vision digital pixel sensor (DPS) pixel sensor photodiode camera pixel-level ADC in-pixel ADC in-pixel processing

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Applications of biochar in sensors: Recent advancements and future trends

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MATERIALS TODAY CHEMISTRY 2025年 45卷

作者： Himani Amrita Agarwal, Tripti Natl Inst Food Technol Entrepreneurship & Manageme Dept Agr & Environm Sci HSIIDC Ind Area Plot 97 Sonipat 131028 Haryana India

The development of robust, sensitive, selective, highly reliable, and eco-friendly sensing devices is an emerging need in science and technology. Biochar, a highly porous carbonaceous material with a large surface area and numerous functional groups, has emerged as a promising material for fabricating environmentally friendly electrodes. This review synthesizes insights from over 400 papers from "2015-2025", focusing on the application of biochar-based electrodes in sensing devices. It elucidates the properties of biochar and sensors, to shed light on how biochar behaves as a promising material for the fabrication of electrochemical, biological, optical, pressure, strain, and humidity sensors. Although carbon-based sensing platforms often exploit carbon materials such as graphene and carbon black, biochar-based sensing materials frequently yield comparable results. This review also highlights the integration of biochar in metal/metal oxide-coated and nanoparticle-coated sensing platforms. While the mechanisms underlying biochar's sensitivity and selectivity still require investigation, it holds promise as a sustainable, eco-friendly, and circular economy-compatible sensing device. This comprehensive review provides the readers with in-depth knowledge of the properties of biochar, various biochar-based sensor preparation methods, their applications, and future research trends in this domain.

关键词： sensors Biosensors Biochar Electrochemical sensors Optical sensors Carbon electrodes Pressure sensor Strain sensor

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Measurement of Transformer DC Bias Current Based on Integrated Array Magnetoresistance sensors and Signal Fusion Algorithm

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2025年第7期25卷 10860-10867页

作者： Liu, Yuntong Tao, Yu Ye, Chaofeng ShanghaiTech Univ Sch Informat Sci & Technol Shanghai 201210 Peoples R China ShanghaiTech Univ Shanghai Engn Res Ctr Energy Efficient & Custom AI Shanghai 201210 Peoples R China Shanghai Finesense Technol Co Ltd Shanghai 200942 Peoples R China

Accurately measuring transformer dc bias current is crucial due to its significant impact on the operational stability of the power system. It is difficult for the existing technologies to balance the requirements of high sensitivity, reliability, and convenient installation. This article presents a noncontact dc bias current measurement probe using tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) sensor arrays. The probe contains 16 sensors, which are divided into four arrays. The sensors are bare die chips diced from an 8-in wafer and then wire bonded on a printed circuit board (PCB). The distance between two adjacent sensors in an array is only 0.5 mm, resulting in approximately uniform magnetic field gradient for the sensors simplifying the calculation of the output. The sensors are connected as a push-pull Wheatstone bridge to convert the change of resistances to a voltage signal and to enhance the sensitivity. The distribution of the magnetic field is calculated numerically and the Shannon entropy of the signals is estimated. Then, the output signals are fused based on the weights calculated according to the magnetic field distribution and the Shannon entropy. This method allows for a balanced integration of both the linear characteristics of the signal and its intrinsic properties. Experimental results demonstrate that the system achieves a relative linearity error less than 0.95% for measuring dc currents in the range from -3000 to 3000 mA. This method is an alternative approach that can be utilized in the power system to monitor the transformer dc bias current.

关键词： sensors Magnetic sensors sensor arrays Magnetic fields Current measurement Conductors Resistance Magnetic field measurement Intelligent sensors Bridge circuits sensor array signal fusion tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors

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Development of SWCNTs/PDMS Composite Strain sensors Integrated Smart Glove for Human-Machine Interface Applications

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2025年第2期25卷 2400-2407页

作者： Baloda, Suraj Sriram, Sashank Krishna Sharma, Puneet Singh, Sumitra Gupta, Navneet Birla Inst Technol & Sci BITS Dept Elect & Elect Engn Flexible Elect & Sensing Technol FEST Lab Pilani Campus Pilani 333031 Rajasthan India Birla Inst Technol Mesra Dept Elect & Commun Engn Jaipur 302017 Rajasthan India CSIR Cent Elect Engn Res Inst CEERI Semicond Devices Design Grp Pilani 333031 Rajasthan India CSIR Cent Elect Engn Res Inst CEERI Semicond Sensors & Microsyst Grp Pilani 333031 Rajasthan India

Smart gloves with their multifunctional sensing capabilities, hold a promising in human-machine interface (HMI) applications. In this work, we present a smart glove based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) incorporated within a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix integrated flexible strain sensor. The flexible strain sensor is designed and fabricated to serve as a crucial sensing component for the smart glove. The integration of SWCNTs with PDMS offers a unique combination of mechanical flexibility and electrical sensitivity, making it an ideal candidate for real-time monitoring and feedback in HMI applications. The fabricated SWCNTs/PDMS strain exhibits a high sensing range, covering up to a strain range of 70%, along with high sensitivity, characterized by a gauge factor (GF) of 73. Additionally, the strain sensor demonstrates excellent linearity, reliability, and durability, enduring repeated loading and unloading for 3000 cycles under a 50% strain. Furthermore, the developed smart glove successfully extends sensing functionality, enabling real time-tasks such as finger motion detection, controlling robotic fingers and can be used in the field of smart wearable electronics and HMI applications.

关键词： sensors Capacitive sensors Robot sensing systems Strain sensor phenomena and characterization Intelligent sensors Wearable devices Immune system Substrates Sensitivity Flexible strain sensor gesture recognition human-machine interface (HMI) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) smart gloves wearable electronics

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Multisensor Plug-and-Play Navigation Based on Resilient Information Filter

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2025年第7期25卷 11563-11573页

作者： Meng, Qian Su, Chang Jiang, Yingying Wen, Weisong Meng, Xiaolin Southeast Univ Sch Instrument Sci & Engn Key Lab Microinertial Instrument & Adv Nav Technol Minist Educ Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Gustave Eiffel Univ AME Dept GEOLOC Lab F-44344 Nantes France Hong Kong Polytech Univ Dept Aeronaut & Aviat Engn Hong Kong Peoples R China

To improve the positioning accuracy and resilience of the multisensor integration, a resilient plug-and-play navigation method based on information filter (IF) is proposed in this article. As the dual form of Kalman filter (KF), IF turns the likelihood product into a sum, which can fully utilize asynchronous sensor measurements for fusion and realize plug-and-play navigation flexibly. Furthermore, a resilient factor based on the principle of chi-square test is implemented to adjust the sensor information, aiming to reduce the impact of faulty measurements under challenging scenarios. By conducting and analyzing the vehicle experiments in the urban environment, the proposed method shows better performance over traditional KF, with the root mean square (rms) error reduced from 9.13 to 3.28 m. Plug-and-play navigation achieves a 51.37% improvement in positioning accuracy by utilizing more suitable sensor measurements and propagation intervals, which can decrease the sensitivity to measurement noise and faults. The resilient factor directly addresses the faults themselves and improves the positioning performance by 26.13%, further enhancing the system's resilience and robustness to faulty information. This resilient IF method is fully validated as effective for multisensor plug-and-play navigation.

关键词： Navigation sensors Information filters Kalman filters Mathematical models Vectors sensor systems Noise Covariance matrices Global navigation satellite system Asynchronous information information filter (IF) multisensor integration plug and play resilient navigation

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Four-Mask Technique for Manufacturing the Perovskite-on-Silicon sensor Array for Ultraviolet Light Imaging

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ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2025年第0期

作者： Zhang, Xuning Tang, Feixiang Sun, Bo Liu, Xingyue Liao, Guanglan Li, Weihua Liu, Sheng Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol State Key Lab Digital Mfg Equipment & Technol Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China South China Univ Technol Sch Mech & Automot Engn Guangzhou 510640 Peoples R China Wuhan Univ Sch Power & Mech Engn Key Lab Transients Hydraul Machinery Minist Educ Wuhan 430072 Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China China Univ Geosci Wuhan Sch Mech Engn & Elect Informat Wuhan 430079 Peoples R China

Perovskite-based image sensors are widely explored and recognized as the technology of choice for future optoelectronics. Suffering from the incompatibility between perovskite and conventional lithography technology, the challenges of developing high-resolution image sensors come from how to pattern the perovskite film with high precision and integrate it with pixel circuits. Recently, a four-mask technique for manufacturing perovskite-on-silicon sensor arrays, which are composed of a pixeled perovskite film and a planar crossbar circuit is demonstrated. Patterning precision for perovskite films attained 2 mu m, ranking top among the previous research. The circuit is also proven to have the highest level of integration, theoretically. A proof-of-concept image sensor showing the first demonstration of monolithic integration of patterned perovskite film with the bottom pixel circuit is successfully made public. Electro-optical performance of its pixels is further characterized and showed high uniformity, benefitting the image sensor in capturing the input light distribution with good spatial resolution. This work has thus set a milestone for perovskite-based image sensors and showed the potential of perovskites in micro-nanoelectronics.

关键词： four-mask technique optoelectronic devices sensor array ultraviolet imaging

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Reliable and Robust integration of SAW Strain sensor Through Reflow Soldering

IEEE SENSORS LETTERS

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IEEE sensors LETTERS 2024年第1期8卷 1页

作者： Marbouh, Othmane Mazzamurro, Aurelien Dusch, Yannick Matar, Olivier Bou Tiercelin, Nicolas Maurice, Vincent Pernod, Philippe Viard, Romain Laloy, Daniel Ettihir, Khalid Tounzi, Abdelmounaim Benabou, Abdelkader Talbi, Abdelkrim Univ Lille Univ Polytech Hauts de France CNRS Cent LilleUMR 520IEMNLIA LICS F-59000 Lille France Univ Lille L2EP Bat ESPRIT F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq France Jeumont Elect F-59460 Jeumont France JMH Concept F-68100 Pulversheim France

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors represent a prominent technologi-cal avenue for quantifying mechanical stress-induced deformations. Nonetheless, the integration of these microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors remains a complex challenge. Consequently, a common approach within a multitude of research involves the utilization of an adhesive formulation. However, this mode of integration continues to exhibit deficiencies in terms of measurement repeatability, particularly when confronted with harsh environments characterized by pronounced mechanical and thermal stresses. In this context, the utilization of backside reflow soldering for SAW sensor integration stands as a notably dependable alternative to epoxy bonding. In this letter, we present the results of our feasibility study concerning the reflow soldering of a SAW sensor onto a binocular copper load cell to measure static strains and a ferromagnetic steel sheet to measure dynamic strains resulting from magnetostriction. To use reflow soldering, a nickel/copper electrodeposition on the ferromagnetic steel sheet was carried out, demonstrating the potential to apply this technique to various materials. The results have indicated that reflow soldering enhances the transmission of static and dynamic mechanical stresses to the SAW sensor, exhibiting a coefficient threefold greater than that achieved through simple adhesive bonding. Furthermore, this integration technique demonstrated the long-term stability of the measurement.

关键词： sensor packaging magnetostriction microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) integration reflow soldering strain measurement surface acoustic wave (SAW)

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A novel high-dimensional sensor calibration framework integrating thermodynamic laws in complex HVAC systems

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ENERGY AND BUILDINGS 2025年 327卷

作者： Yan, Chengchu Hu, Kai Xu, Chao Zhuang, Chaoqun Fang, Junjian Gong, Yanfeng Nanjing Tech Univ Coll Urban Construct 200 North Zhongshan Rd Nanjing 210009 Peoples R China China Construct Yipin Investment & Dev Co Ltd Wuhan 430070 Peoples R China

Accurate calibration of sensors is critical for ensuring energy efficient operation of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings. Due to the high dimensionality of sensor data and the complexity of multiple-fault scenarios, calibrating sensors in large and complex HVAC systems presents significant challenges. To address this issue, this study introduces a novel sensor calibration framework that integrates thermodynamic laws for high-dimensional sensor calibration in complex HVAC systems. The traditional calibration method heavily relies on accurate data, making it difficult to apply in practical engineering projects. The innovative aspect of our method lies in its integration of thermodynamic laws, such as mass balance and energy conservation, with sensor calibration framework. This approach enables the framework to handle high-dimensional sensor measurements effectively without any training data. We compared five optimization algorithms and applied them to a central cooling system in Hong Kong. The results demonstrated that the simulated annealing (SA) is the most robust for solving the calibration problem, even in scenarios with up to 21 faulty sensors, with the calibrated sensor accuracy meeting the standards for conventional chiller plant operations. This novel framework provides a robust and reliable solution for high-dimensional sensor calibration in large and complex HVAC systems, addressing the growing need for precise sensor calibration as the number of installed sensors increases.

关键词： HVAC systems Thermodynamic laws sensor calibration Optimization algorithms

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