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A Differential Liquid Level sensors Using Transmission Line Loaded With Spoof Localized Surface Plasmons

IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2024年第16期24卷 25691-25700页

作者： Zou, Jiahao Yang, Xiaoqing Li, Hangyu Zhang, Ting Wu, Jieping Peng, Huajiang Sichuan Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Chengdu 610065 Peoples R China

Microwave detection based on resonant peak tracking is the basis of various types of microwave near-field sensors. In this article, a microwave near-field liquid level sensor based on an array of spoof localized surface plasmons (SLSPs) is proposed, which can be used to measure the liquid level in a nonmetallic container in real time. Two arrays of the same SLSPs are distributed on the two branches of the splitter/combiner microstrip sections and excited by it. When the horizontal liquid level rises, the corresponding resonant peaks are shifted, and when the liquid level is tilted, the symmetrical condition of the system will be broken, and the resonant peaks of the corresponding SLSPs will be split, two notches (i.e., frequency splitting) appear, and the resonant frequency will be changed. By analyzing the signal, the current liquid level situation and liquid level tilt angle can be judged. Taking an acrylic container as an example, simulations and experiments show that the sensor can measure the tilt angle with a max accuracy of up to 1 degrees. Compared with other types of liquid level sensors, this sensor can penetrate the container for measurement and has the advantages of high accuracy, low cost, easy container integration, and can measure the liquid surface tilt angle.

关键词： sensors Liquids Resonant frequency Containers Microwave measurement Spirals Accuracy Liquid level measurement microwave differential sensors spoof localized surface plasmons (SLSPs)

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3D fabric-based piezoresistive pressure sensor: design, preparation, performance and simulation

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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2024年第37期59卷 17491-17503页

作者： Su, Shusheng Gao, Yuan Zhou, Xinghai Qian, Yongfang Lyu, Lihua Dalian Polytech Univ Sch Text & Mat Engn Dalian 116034 Liaoning Peoples R China

The application of flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors based on textiles in wearable electronics for health monitoring and motion tracking is being explored. Textiles are inherently strain-sensitive and functional, offering wear-resistance, comfort, and versatility. However, their application potential can be greatly enhanced with improvements in precision, mechanical reliability, and long-term stability. This study developed a three-dimensional fabric piezoresistive sensor with integrated electrodes and a piezoresistive layer to address these challenges. Utilizing low preparation costs and simple fabrication processes, the sensor leveraged the synergistic effects of multiple layers of contact between fibers, yarns, and fabrics in a three-dimensional weaving structure, achieving ultra-high sensitivities of 76.48 kPa(-1) at 0-5 kPa and 63.78 kPa(-1 )at 5-50 kPa. The sensor's operation mechanism under various working conditions was validated using COMSOL simulations. The sensor exhibits rapid response and recovery times (12/13 ms) and high stability (> 500 loading and unloading cycles). Compared to previous efforts, this sensor offers greater integration and functionality, capable of detecting breathing and a variety of limb movements. With ongoing technological advancements, flexible textile-based sensors are well-positioned to monitor individuals' physiological parameters, such as heart rate, breathing, and body temperature. These sensors could be used in various fields, including aerospace, military, environmental monitoring, and healthcare, and are expected to play an increasingly critical role in future strategic initiatives.

关键词： Military textiles

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FTC: A Universal Framework for Fault-Injection Attack Detection and Prevention

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE integration (VLSI) SYSTEMS 2024年第7期32卷 1311-1324页

作者： Muttaki, Md Rafid Rahman, Md Habibur Kulkarni, Akshay Tehranipoor, Mark Farahmandi, Farimah Univ Florida Dept Elect & Comp Engn Gainesville FL 32611 USA

Fault-injection attacks (FIAs) represent a wide-spread and potent method of compromising the integrity and confidentiality of integrated circuits (ICs) and electronic systems. These attacks include voltage/clock glitching, electromagnetic (EM) interference, laser, and optical injection. One promising defense strategy is intrusion detection, which uses sensors to monitor and capture the effects of such attacks. However, the diversity of these attacks has led to the development of specialized sensors for each attack type, posing challenges in terms of feasibility and overhead. This article introduces a universal solution for efficiently detecting prominent FIAs using a lightweight on-chip delay-based fault-to-time converter (FTC) sensor. The proposed sensor functions by translating the consequences of fault attacks into measurable "time" differentials. This design is readily implementable on both field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) platforms. The sensor placement considers the most vulnerable elements in the design to fault attacks to position them closely to those locations for extracting the best sensitivity to delay changes. We illustrate the sensor's responses to major FIAs, demonstrating its ability to differentiate between nominal and fault conditions. The overhead analysis also highlights the sensor's minimal resource utilization in FPGA implementations. We also explore the sensor's response to environmental variations for proper characterization.

关键词： Circuit faults Clocks sensors Security Optical sensors Field programmable gate arrays Ciphers Clock glitching electromagnetic (EM) fault-injection fault-injection attack (FIA) fault-to-time converter (FTC) laser fault-injection (LFI) voltage glitching

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High-Performance Piezoelectric Micro Diaphragm Hydrogen sensor

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ACS sensors 2025年第3期10卷 1922-1929页

作者： Liu, Jihang Ng, Doris Keh Ting Koh, Yul Samanta, Subhranu Chen, Weiguo Husni, Md Hazwani Khairy Md Srinivas, Merugu Zhang, Qingxin Kai, Fuu Ming Chang, Peter Hyun Kee Zhu, Yao ASTAR Inst Microelect IME 2 Fusionopolis Way Innovis 08-02 Singapore 138634 Singapore ASTAR Natl Metrol Ctr NMC 8 Cleantech Loop 01-20 Singapore 637145 Singapore

Highly sensitive, selective, and compact hydrogen (H2) sensors for safety and process monitoring are needed due to the growing adoption of H2 as a clean energy carrier. Current resonant frequency-based H2 sensors face a critical challenge in simultaneously achieving high sensitivity, low operating frequency, and miniaturization while maintaining a high figure of merit (FOM). This study addresses these challenges by introducing a novel piezoelectric micro diagram (PMD) H2 sensor that achieves an unprecedented FOM exceeding 104. The sensor uniquely integrates a PMD resonator with a palladium (Pd) sensing layer, operating on a stress-based mechanism distinct from traditional mass-loading principles. Despite a low operating frequency of 150 kHz, the sensor demonstrates a remarkable sensitivity of 18.5 kHz/% H2. Comprehensive characterization also reveals a minimal cross-sensitivity to humidity and common gases and a compact form factor (600 mu m lateral length) suitable for IC integration. The sensor's performance was systematically evaluated across various Pd thicknesses (40-125 nm) and piezoelectric stack covering ratios (50% and 70%), revealing a trade-off between sensitivity and response time. This PMD H2 sensor represents a significant advancement in resonant frequency-based H2 sensing, offering superior sensitivity, compact size, and robust performance for diverse applications in H2 detection and monitoring.

关键词： piezoelectric micro diaphragm palladiumsensing layer hydrogen sensor resonant gas sensor responsestress-based

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NFC-Enabled Batteryless AI-Integrated Sensing Network for Smart PPE System

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2024年第16期24卷 26914-26925页

作者： Jalajamony, Harikrishnan Muraleedharan De, Soumadeep Fernandez, Renny Edwin Norfolk State Univ Mat Sci & Engn Dept Norfolk VA 23504 USA Norfolk State Univ Elect Engn Dept Norfolk VA 23504 USA

In this manuscript, we explore the advancement in personal protective equipment (PPE), underscored by the rapid development in nanotechnology and smart systems. Our focus is on the development of an AI-integrated, batteryless, PPE system, tailored for high-risk occupational environments. This system represents a leap in smart PPE, capable of real-time sensing of six sensing parameters, incorporating near-field communication (NFC) technology for improved data exchange and system integration. Central to our approach is the use of nonintrusive sensing and communication technology, aimed at bolstering workplace safety without interfering with the operational capabilities of the wearer. The integration of multiple sensors on a batteryless smart PPE is challenged by power requirements, encouraging us to develop a multiantenna system that can monitor gas parameters at various locations of the PPE. We aim to provide a foundation for the future development of smart PPE that can withstand extreme environments while offering advanced functionality. The performance of the NFC-enabled smart PPE system is thoroughly validated through its integration into a full-face helmet, demonstrating its practical application and advanced sensing capabilities.

关键词： sensors Personal protective equipment Safety Microcontrollers Intelligent sensors Gas detectors Air quality Antenna switching batteryless edge intelligence energy harvesting gas sensor machine learning (ML) near-field communication (NFC) smart helmet smart personal protective equipment (PPE) system

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Robust and resilient piezoresistive sensor made of MWCNT-embedded aerogel prepared with elongated amyloid fibrils of α-synuclein

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sensors AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 2024年 418卷

作者： Ha, Yosub Paik, Seung R. Seoul Natl Univ Inst Engn Res Coll Engn Sch Chem & Biol Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea

Pressure sensors are widely employed in various fields from biomedical to aerospace engineering. Each field requires pressure sensors with specific sensitivity, response time, recovery time, durability, and detection limit. However, developing pressure sensors that meet the increasing demands of high mechanical strength and sensitive electrical responsiveness influencing reliability and accuracy still remains challenging. Herein, a highly robust and resilient piezoresistive sensor was developed by combining elongated amyloid fibrils (eAFs) aerogel made of a self-assembly protein of alpha-synuclein, which provided stable porous 3D interconnected network and thus increased surface area, and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as a reinforcement material for improved mechanical and electrical properties. Owing to the integration between eAFs aerogel and MWCNT, the MWCNT-embedded eAFs aerogel exhibited augmentation in mechanical strength and resiliency depending on the amount of MWCNT introduced. Additionally, the MWCNT-embedded eAFs aerogel showed piezoresistive properties with stable pressure sensing capability toward human motions, airflow, and underwater pressure. It is, therefore, suggested that the pressure sensor fabricated with the eAFs aerogel containing MWCNT could be utilized in diverse areas including wearable device and artificial skin development.

关键词： Aerogels Amyloid fibrils Multi-walled carbon nanotubes Piezoresistive Pressure sensor

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Highly Sensitive Humidity sensor Based on NaCl-BiFeO3 for Noncontact Sensing

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ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2025年第5期7卷 1842-1851页

作者： Pan, Jifeng Li, Yunsong Tian, Tian Tang, Zilong Lian, Zichao Ma, Nan Univ Shanghai Sci & Technol Sch Mat & Chem Shanghai 200093 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Ceram CAS Key Lab Inorgan Funct Mat & Devices Shanghai 201899 Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Sch Mat Sci & Engn State Key Lab New Ceram & Fine Proc Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

The development of advanced humidity sensors is becoming increasingly essential for the progression of various industries, particularly for integration with IoT devices. Consequently, the creation of high-performance humidity sensors is of paramount importance. In this study, we present a highly sensitive humidity sensor based on the ferroelectric oxide BiFeO3, which is further enhanced by the incorporation of the hydrophilic inorganic salt NaCl. By optimizing the NaCl content and the thickness of the sensing film, the 15 wt % NaCl-BiFeO3 sensor with a film thickness of 68 mu m demonstrated an exceptional response of 10,073 as the relative humidity was varied from 13 to 86% RH at room temperature, representing a 46.3-fold enhancement compared to pure BiFeO3-based sensors. The sensor also exhibited rapid response and recovery times of 0.27 and 5.73 s, respectively. The excellent humidity sensing performance can be attributed to the increased electrical conductivity, which results from the generation of free ions due to NaCl dissolution in adsorbed water under high humidity conditions. Furthermore, this highly sensitive sensor is well-suited for noncontact applications, such as human respiratory monitoring and contactless control. This work underscores the potential of NaCl-BiFeO3 as a highly promising material system for high-performance humidity sensors in smart sensing applications.

关键词： humidity sensor BiFeO3 hydrophilicNaCl high sensitivity noncontact sensing

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Advancements in One-Port Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Resonators for Sensing Applications: A Review

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2024年第11期24卷 17337-17352页

作者： Kent, Chi Kam Ramakrishnan, Narayanan Kesuma, Howgen Pratama Monash Univ Malaysia Dept Elect & Robot Engn Micro & Nano Devices Lab Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor Malaysia

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices have long been recognized as proficient sensors, capable of detecting an array of chemical and physical parameters. These range from the identification of gas type and concentration, the intensity of ultraviolet light, fluctuations in temperature, and changes in relative humidity. Historically, delay line model SAW devices have been the preferred choice for these sensor applications due to their proven reliability and broad versatility. However, recent advancements have paved the way for the development of one-port SAW resonators, which offer several compelling benefits. These devices are characterized by their relatively compact size and superior sensitivity compared to their delay line counterparts. Such attributes make them appealing for implementation in a variety of sensing applications. However, the transition to these novel devices has not been without challenges. One significant hurdle has been maintaining the original performance of these devices following their integration with a sensing film. In addition, the device is typically not suitable in high-temperature conditions which limits the implementation of the environmental sensor. Researchers have been trying to address these issues and leveraging the inherent advantages of these devices. This comprehensive review serves to provide an in-depth analysis of the state of one-port SAW resonators. The article delves into current trends and offers detailed insights into their design and fabrication methodologies. In addition, it explores their implementation as sensors, discussing both the successes and ongoing challenges associated with their use. The article also highlights the potential opportunities and advancements that one-port SAW resonators could bring to the field of sensor technology.

关键词： Biosensor design gas sensor one-port surface acoustic wave (SAW) physical sensor review sensor

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Fibrillar Strings for Wearable sensor Applications

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KOREAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2025年 1-22页

作者： Park, Junho Hanif, Adeela Kim, Dong Sung Jeong, Unyong Pohang Univ Sci & Technol POSTECH Dept Mat Sci & Engn 77 Cheongam Ro Pohang 37673 Gyeongbuk South Korea Pohang Univ Sci & Technol POSTECH Dept Mech Engn 77 Cheongam Ro Pohang 37673 Gyeongbuk South Korea

In recent years, fibrillar string-based wearable sensors have gained significant attention for their ability to detect mechanical and physiological stimuli, including tactility, temperature, humidity, and glucose levels. Stretchability, flexibility, and lightweight nature of the fibrillar strings make them ideal for integration into textiles and wearable devices. This review highlights recent advancements in the fabrication of fibrillar string sensors by using various spinning techniques, including dry spinning, wet spinning, melt spinning, and light polymerization spinning. The examination of conductive material integration into fibrillar strings highlights progress in this field, including advancements in composite fabrication and structural engineering. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential applications of these sensors in health monitoring, including mechanical stimuli, temperature, humidity, glucose levels. The article highlights ongoing challenges in fibrillar string sensors such as enhancing durability and sensitivity under mechanical strain, and suggests future research directions to improve the performance and functionality in wearable sensors.

关键词： Wearable sensors Wearable applications Fibrillar string Fibrillar spinning Structural engineering

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A Multibranch LSTM-Attention Ensemble Classification Network for sensor Drift Compensation

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2024年第16期24卷 25830-25841页

作者： Liang, Zhifang Chen, Dongming Yang, Liu Chen, Yilin Chongqing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Commun & Informat Engn Chongqing 400065 Peoples R China

sensor drift has been one of the challenging problems in the development of electronic noses (E-noses), which can seriously affect the recognition accuracy of the sensor. In this article, a multibranch long short-term memory-attention ensemble classification network (MLAEC-Net) is proposed to address this problem. The framework simulates the working principle of the animal olfactory system and uses a multibranch structure to allow each branch to capture different features and attributes of the data. It combines the long short-term memory (LSTM) network and the attention mechanism to deal with long-term dependencies and extract key features. Furthermore, the framework improves the generalization ability and prediction accuracy of the overall model through the integration of classifiers. In addition, for E-nose systems with different numbers of sensors, it is only necessary to simply adjust the number of branches, providing excellent flexibility and generalizability to adapt to different sensor arrays and datasets. We validate the effectiveness of the MLAEC-Net framework by conducting experiments on two publicly available datasets. The experimental results show that the MLAEC-Net framework proposed in this article achieves significant advantages with better performance and robustness compared with other state-of-the-art approaches.

关键词： Long short term memory Logic gates sensors Feature extraction Adaptation models Ensemble learning Classification algorithms Attention mechanism classifier ensemble drift compensation electronic nose (E-nose)

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