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Design and Optimization of a Novel Multiheater Microhotplate With Thermal Crosstalk

IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2025年第9期25卷 15893-15905页

作者： Yang, Youpeng Wei, Guangfen He, Aixiang Jiao, Shasha Zhang, Wei Gao, Cong Shandong Technol & Business Univ Sch Informat & Elect Engn Yantai 264005 Peoples R China Shandong Technol & Business Univ Sch Comp Sci & Technol Yantai 264005 Peoples R China

As demand grows for high-sensitivity and high-selectivity gas sensors in the Internet of Things (IoT) and environmental monitoring fields, metal oxide semiconductor (MOX) gas sensors based on microhotplates have attracted significant research interest due to their low-power consumption and high integration. While array designs can address the issue of low sensor selectivity, integrating multiple sensor elements may result in increased power consumption. To overcome this limitation, this article proposes a novel multiheater integrated microhotplate design based on thermal crosstalk, integrating multiple heaters on a single microhotplate to generate encodable multiple temperature areas. Through COMSOL finite element simulation, the effects of heater sizes, geometry, and thickness on the performance of the microhotplate were systematically studied. The results indicate that with a heater radius of 100 mu m, the microhotplate exhibits excellent temperature uniformity at a working temperature of 300 degrees C, with more than 70% of the heating area having a temperature gradient of less than 10 degrees C. Additionally, the optimized heater geometry significantly reduces the mechanical deformation of the microhotplate, ensuring structural stability. Most notably, the thermal crosstalk effect effectively reduces the power consumption of the microhotplate. At a working temperature of 300 degrees C, the dual-heater design consumes approximately 4.68 mW less power than the single-heater configuration. By introducing an etched window design, the thermal efficiency of the microhotplate is further enhanced, with a peak temperature increase of approximately 40 degrees C. The innovative multiheater microhotplate design based on thermal crosstalk achieves low-power temperature control across all heaters, laying a solid foundation for the development and widespread adoption of high-performance portable gas sensors.

关键词： Heat transfer Heating systems sensors Crosstalk Gas detectors Temperature sensors Power demand sensor arrays Solids Intelligent sensors Heater microhotplate temperature uniformity thermal crosstalk

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Sensitivity enhancement of lateral zinc oxide nanowire gas sensors

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APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 2024年第8期130卷 581-581页

作者： Chen, Pandi Shao, Qianqian Qu, Xichun Ma, Liuhong Zhengzhou Univ Sch Phys Int Joint Lab Integrated Circuits Design & Applica Minist Educ Zhengzhou 450001 Peoples R China Zhengzhou Tech Coll Sch Automat & Internet Things Zhengzhou 450001 Peoples R China

A novel method for the fabrication of lateral zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires bridging architecture was proposed. ZnO nanowires with a length greater than the electrode spacing were bridged between the interdigital electrodes. It is noteworthy that the lateral bridging architecture sensor has more enhanced sensitivity characteristics than the vertical-type sensor. For example, at the optimum operating temperature of 300 degree celsius, the lateral ZnO nanowire gas sensor has a response of 6.5 for 20 ppm acetone (C3H6O), which is more than twice that of the vertical nanowire gas sensor (2.6). The lateral gas sensor designed in this paper has great advantages in response time and recovery time. Furthermore, the enhanced sensing mechanisms were comprehensively discussed. The gas sensing performance of the lateral-type sensor is improved because the current is transported along the nanowire rather than along the bottom layer of the substrate. This lateral sensor provides an attractive approach for the development of new structured gas sensors with high sensitivity and high integration.

关键词： Lateral ZnO nanowire Bridging architecture Gas sensor Enhanced sensitivity Response time

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Toward Precision Health: A Bluetooth-Enabled, Miniaturized Glucose Monitoring Wearable

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2025年第7期25卷 11971-11981页

作者： Mansour, Mohammad Tawakey, Samar H. Salim, Alyaa I. Muhammad, Sayed T. Soltan, Ahmed Nile Univ Nanoelect Integrated Syst Ctr NISC Giza 12588 Egypt McMaster Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada Nile Univ NISC Giza 12588 Egypt Tanta Univ Fac Sci Dept Chem Tanta 31527 Egypt Nile Univ Sch Biotechnol Giza 12588 Egypt Fayoum Univ Dept Comp & Syst Engn Faiyum 63514 Egypt Fayoum Univ Dept Elect Engn Faiyum 63514 Egypt

In this work, a miniaturized, Bluetooth-enabled glucose monitoring wearable patch is proposed. The device integrates improved potentiostatic systems and microneedle technology to enable minimally invasive and real-time monitoring of glucose levels. For the microneedle autocalibration, an automatic glucose oxidation peak detector algorithm is implemented within the microcontroller for more stability in glucose measurements. The calibration process also reduces the operation time during chronoamperometric measurements. The device's functionality is extended beyond continuously monitoring glucose in the interstitial fluid (ISF) by integrating off-the-shelf sensors for heart rate and body temperature monitoring. The integration of these sensors and the wireless communication protocol is managed to ensure the seamless operation, minimal power consumption, and user comfort. The device operates using a dedicated cross-platform application to collect and display data. The sensitivity of the glucose sensor is 30.44 nA/ mM , covering a dynamic range of 1.5-14 mM . Through a detailed examination of power management strategies and sensor data integrity, this study demonstrates the feasibility of such integrated health monitoring devices for everyday use. With ultralow power consumption of 103 mu W , the device has an extended battery life of 204 days by using a smart energy management technique. Moreover, the microneedle sensor offers a long lifespan of 15 days before needing replacement. The device has potential utility in the personalized healthcare and clinical settings.

关键词： sensors Glucose Temperature sensors Monitoring Temperature measurement Microcontrollers Wireless communication Heart rate Glucose sensors Electrodes Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) glucose wearable sensors health monitoring noninvasive glucose monitoring precision medicine

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A Survey of LoRaWAN-Integrated Wearable sensor Networks for Human Activity Recognition: Applications, Challenges and Possible Solutions

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY 2024年 5卷 6713-6735页

作者： Obiri, Nahshon Mokua Van Laerhoven, Kristof Univ Siegen Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci D-57076 Siegen Germany

Long-Range Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN), a prominent technology within Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), have gained traction in remote monitoring due to their long-range communication, scalability, and low energy consumption. Compared to other LPWANs like Sigfox, Ingenu Random Phase Multiple Access (Ingenu-RPMA), Long-Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M), and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), LoRaWAN offers superior adaptability in diverse environments. This adaptability makes it particularly effective for Human Activity Recognition (HAR) systems. These systems utilize wearable sensors to collect data for applications in healthcare, elderly care, sports, and environmental monitoring. Integrating LoRaWAN with edge computing and Internet of Things (IoT) frameworks enhances data processing and transmission efficiency. However, challenges such as sensor wearability, data payload constraints, energy efficiency, and security must be addressed to deploy LoRaWAN-based HAR systems in real-world applications effectively. This survey explores the integration of LoRaWAN technology with wearable sensors for HAR, highlighting its suitability for remote monitoring applications such as Activities of Daily Living (ADL), tracking and localization, healthcare, and safety. We categorize state-of-the-art LoRaWAN-integrated wearable systems into body-worn, hybrid, objectmounted, and ambient sensors. We then discuss their applications and challenges, including energy efficiency, sensor scalability, data constraints, and security. Potential solutions such as advanced edge processing algorithms and secure communication protocols are proposed to enhance system performance and user comfort. The survey also outlines specific future research directions to advance this evolving field.

关键词： Human activity recognition LoRaWAN Wearable sensors Low-power wide area networks Scalability Surveys Biomedical monitoring Costs Reviews Monitoring HAR IoT LPWAN remote monitoring wearable sensors sensor integration survey

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Development of a Noncontact Measurement Setup for the Evaluation of Bearing Voltages

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2025年第2期25卷 3369-3376页

作者： Proksch, Daniel Salat, Tobit Kopp, Lennart Krotsch, Jens Kley, Markus Aalen Univ Appl Sci Inst Dr Technol D-73430 Aalen Germany Aalen Univ Appl Sci Fac Mech & Mat Engn D-73430 Aalen Germany

The damage resulting from bearing voltages is a major cause of premature machine failures. The necessary measurements at the system level and installed conditions can be difficult to perform with conventional measurement systems. This leads to a significant risk for the development of electrical vehicles. The main requirement for implementing a suitable measurement application on the systems level is the limited installation space, considering the need to retain the machine's original design as well as the significance of the measured values. Depending on the used measurement system, different types of parasitic currents and voltages can be detected. This article presents a novel sensor concept for bearing voltage measurement in electrical machines. The proposed measurement technique is based on a capacitive arrangement, which allows for the noncontact measurement of voltages on the rotating shaft. The arrangement is based on a cylindrical capacitor consisting of the motor shaft and an isolating attachment with a conductive inlay. The measuring principle is developed by simulation and validated on an electrical machine in the lower power range at different speeds. It can estimate the electrical stress on the motor's bearings caused by electrical discharge machining (EDM) currents. The proposed sensor can be customized easily and used in a real application environment. The presented measuring setup enables simple mounting by attaching the sensor to the housing. Only the stress caused by EDM currents is rated, using the index of potential EDM damage. The obtained data includes the required information to analyze the intensity and frequency of EDM currents.

关键词： Voltage measurement Current measurement Shafts sensors Motors Lubrication Electric variables measurement Rotors Stress Measurement techniques sensor modeling sensor system integration

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Ultrahigh-Sensitive Triple-Parameter sensor Based on D-Shape Three-Hole Fiber for Simultaneous Detection of Magnetic Field, Temperature, and Relative Humidity

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2025年第7期25卷 10868-10878页

作者： Fu, Haihao Hou, Donglian Gao, Wei Guo, Yuying Wang, Xin Lou, Shuqin Sheng, Zhufeng Beijing Jiaotong Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Beijing 100044 Peoples R China China Ctr Informat Ind Dev Beijing Peoples R China

An ultrahigh-sensitive triple-parameter sensor based on D-shaped three-hole fiber (DTHF) is proposed for simultaneous detection of magnetic field, temperature, and relative humidity. The DTHF is constructed by side-polishing one side of three-hole fiber to let one air hole open, and thus, an arc-shaped groove is formed. Through filling the magnetic fluid (MF), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into two different air holes and injecting polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the arc-shaped groove, a DTHF-based triple-parameter sensor can be constructed for synchronous detection of magnetic field, temperature, and relative humidity Meanwhile, three Al wires are modified at the positions closest to the fiber core in the arc-shaped groove and two air holes to excite surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is beneficial to enhance the sensitivity. High sensing performance can be achieved by optimizing the structural parameters of DTHF-based sensor. Numerical results indicate that the DTHF-based triple-parameter sensor can detect the magnetic field in the range of 35 similar to 110 Oe, temperature in the range of 14.3 degrees C similar to 64.3 degrees C, and relative humidity in the range of 30%similar to 80%. The maximum magnetic field sensitivity, maximum temperature sensitivity, and maximum relative humidity sensitivity are as high as 62 000 pm/mT, 5.0 nm/degrees C, and 57.8 nm/%RH, respectively. The maximum magnetic field sensitivity and the maximum relative humidity sensitivity are both more than one order of magnitude improvement in comparison to that of single-parameter sensors for magnetic field and relative humidity, while the maximum temperature sensitivity is comparable to that of the single-parameter temperature sensor. The DTHF-based triple-parameter sensor with high integration, low difficulty for analytes filling, and high sensitivities has the potential application in fields of marine resource development and multiparameter environmental monitoring.

关键词： Magnetic field relative humidity surface plasmon resonance (SPR) temperature triple-parameter sensor

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Printed PEDOT:PSS and KCl-Based Electrochemical Gas sensor for Acetone Detection

IEEE SENSORS LETTERS

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IEEE sensors LETTERS 2025年第1期9卷

作者： Beduk, Tutku Rauter, Lukas Vijjapu, Mani T. Jose, Manoj Zikulnig, Johanna Kosel, Jurgen Silicon Austria Labs GmbH Sensor Syst A-9524 Villach Austria Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne EPFL STI IEM ICLAB CH-2000 Neuchatel Switzerland

The detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as acetone is critical in clinical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Acetone is a key biomarker for several medical conditions, most notably diabetes, and is widely used as an industrial solvent. It is present in many household products, leading to environmental exposure. In this study, we introduce a fully printed electrochemical gas sensor fabricated using screen printing technology on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate, employing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the conductive polymer and potassium chloride (KCl) as the supporting electrolyte. This configuration leverages the high conductivity and environmental stability of PEDOT:PSS enhanced by the ionic conductivity of KCl to achieve a sensitivity of 0.94 ppm within a linear detection range from 0 to 26 ppm for acetone vapor. The screen-printing technique provides a reproducible and scalable method for sensor fabrication, offering a practical solution for deploying low-cost, flexible, and portable devices. The resulting sensor demonstrates excellent potential for integration into wearable devices for real-time health monitoring and portable units for field testing, providing a significant advancement in the application of flexible electronics to VOC detection. In addition, additive manufacturing allows for consistent layering and scalable production with low waste generation in gas sensor production.

关键词： sensors Gas detectors Electrolytes Electrodes Diabetes Sensitivity Polymers Electric potential Substrates Solvents Chemical and biological sensors acetone gas sensors printed electronics printed sensors

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An Energy-Efficient All-Dynamic Multiparameter sensor for Battery-Less Smart Nodes in Agricultural Internet-of-Things

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2024年第13期24卷 21426-21435页

作者： Wang, Zhenglai Zhang, Yunshan Wang, Weixiao Feng, Xiangdong Xiao, Qijing Kuang, Yonghong Zhao, Bo Luo, Yuxuan Zhejiang Univ Coll Integrated Circuits Hangzhou 310058 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ ZJU Hangzhou Global Sci & Technol Innovat Ctr Hangzhou 310058 Peoples R China Microaiot Hangzhou 310000 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Coll Integrated Circuits ZJU Hangzhou Global Sci & Technol Innovat Ctr Sch Med Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Stomatol Hosp Sch Med Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang Peoples R China

The increasing demand for efficient and sustainable agricultural practices underscores the importance of Agricultural Internet-of-Things (Agri-IoT). This integration of technology in agriculture facilitates precise and efficient farming methods, contributing significantly to global food security and environmental conservation. For Agri-IoT optimization, it is essential to obtain information such as temperature, ambient humidity (AH), and soil moisture (SM) in an environment-friendly manner. The existing sensor node is powered by a battery that can potentially pollute the soil and have a limited lifespan. In this work, we present a sensor chip that can efficiently read temperature, AH, and SM in an all-dynamic manner. The multiparameter chip operates in an event-driven manner, which only starts wireless transmission if an input event is detected. The event-driven operation further reduces the energy consumption of the sensor node. The low-energy sensor is combined with an RF energy harvester (EH) and wireless transmitter (TX) to achieve battery-less data acquisition. The proposed sensor chip is fabricated in 65-nm CMOS technology and occupies a chip area of 0.612 mm(2). The measured temperature accuracy is +/- 1 C-degrees over the range of -40 C-degrees- 85 C-degrees with a single-point calibration. The measured AH +/- 3.8% RH over the 10%-90% RH range. Besides, it can support SM monitoring over the range of 10%-50% gravimetric water content (GWC). The power consumption of the multisensor interface circuits is 4.8 mu W at a supply voltage of 0.8 V.

关键词： sensors Temperature sensors Capacitive sensors Capacitors Power demand Circuits sensor fusion Ambient humidity (AH) event-driven sensing low-energy sensors multiparameter sensing soil moisture (SM) temperature sensing

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A self-powered photoactive room temperature gas sensor based on a porphyrin-functionalized ZnO nanorod/p-Si heterostructure

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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C 2024年第27期12卷 9968-9977页

作者： Bora, Arbacheena George, Jeena Sivalingam, Yuvaraj Surya, Velappa Jayaraman Magna, Gabriele Mangalampalli, S. R. N. Kiran Paolesse, Roberto Di Natale, Corrado SRM Inst Sci & Technol Dept Phys & Nanotechnol Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India Univ Roma Tor Vergata Dept Elect Engn Via Politecn 1 I-00133 Rome Italy Tohoku Univ New Ind Creat Hatchery Ctr NICHe Sendai Miyagi 9808579 Japan Univ Roma Tor Vergata Dept Chem Sci & Technol Via Ric Sci I-00133 Rome Italy King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol KAUST Comp Elect & Math Sci & Engn Div CEMSE Sensors Lab Thuwal 239556900 Saudi Arabia

The integration of self-powered photodetectors and highly selective gas sensors into a unified system has revolutionized the development of next-generation optoelectronic gas sensors towards overcoming the limitations of high power consumption and poor selectivity in traditional systems. In this scenario, this work describes a superior optoelectronic gas sensor based on 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl porphyrin (H2TPPCOOH)-functionalized vertically aligned 1D ZnO nanorods grown on p-Si. The dual impact of porphyrin functionalization on the powering and chemical sensing properties of the ZnO NR/p-Si heterostructure was investigated. The resulting porphyrin-functionalized device demonstrated a maximum VOC of 0.1 V and Isc of 12.16 mu A with good sensitivity and fast response towards triethylamine (TEA) vapors at room temperature. The level of defects in the device and the gas sensing mechanism were studied using the Scanning Kelvin Probe system, and the photoelectric mechanism is explained through energy band diagrams. The ambipolar charge transport in the device plays a significant role in chemical sensing at room temperature at zero power consumption. Hence, this work offers valuable insights for designing self-sustained, stable, cost-effective, miniaturized smart chemical sensors, which are highly selective to specific VOC biomarkers in complex gas mixtures, with a potential for on-chip integration and point-of-care health monitoring. The integration of self-powered detectors and selective gas sensors into a single system introduces a next-generation of optoelectronic gas sensors that overcome the limitations of power consumption and poor selectivity.

关键词： Cost effectiveness

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Driver Posture Recognition: A Review

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 176301-176345页

作者： Mahomed, Afsaana Sultaana Saha, Akshay Kumar Univ KwaZulu Natal Discipline Elect Elect & Comp Engn ZA-4041 Durban South Africa

Driver Posture Recognition Systems (DPRS) are indispensable for advancement in vehicle safety by tracking driver posture using sensors and cameras. These systems monitor the driver's position, movements, and posture to promote safe driving behaviour and take action if needed using a variety of approaches to driver posture analysis. sensor based approaches involved the utilisation of sensors such pressure sensors, accelerometers, and gyroscopes, to collect information on the driver's posture when seated in vehicle. Vision based approaches consisted mainly of cameras to monitor and assess the driver's position using advanced computer vision methods associated with facial landmark detection and body posture analysis. Hybrid approaches is the merging of both sensor-based and vision-based approaches to provide improved precision through the integration of various data sources using fusion tactics, feature extraction methods, and machine learning algorithms. The implementation of DPRS in vehicles is centred on monitoring driver posture in real-time without intrusion, providing prompt alerts to reduce risks related to incorrect seating or positioning. This article provides a general review of most aspects related to DPRS design, emphasizing the significance of accurate posture recognition that give priority to driver health and safety.

关键词： Vehicles Sleep Fatigue sensors Monitoring Feature extraction Accuracy Visualization sensor systems Face recognition Autonomous vehicles Decision trees Support vector machines Accelerometers intelligent vehicles accelerometers autonomous vehicles decision trees machine learning monitoring support vector machines safety

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