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A micro resonant pressure sensor with adjustable quality factor

JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024年第1期38卷 347-356页

作者： Ren, Jianhua Hou, Dezhi Shi, Xufei Fu, Xiaorui Hebei Univ Engn Coll Mech & Equipment Engn Handan 056001 Peoples R China Hebei Univ Engn Key Lab Intelligent Ind Equipment Technol Hebei Pr Handan 056001 Peoples R China Xuanhua Vocat Coll Sci & Technol Dept Informat Engn Zhangjiakou 075100 Peoples R China

Being an important component of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS), the micro resonant sensor offers advantages such as the compact size, high accuracy, ease of integration with the test circuit, fast response time, and resistance to frequency signal distortion. Moreover, the tool has broad market prospects. In order to improve the performance of sensors and reduce production costs, in this paper, a micro-resonant pressure sensor, with an adjustable quality factor, is proposed to achieve the measurement of pressure by the electrostatic excitation-capacitive detection. Furthermore, the vibration theory of the sensor in the presence of multi-field coupling, including electrostatic force, molecular force, and air damping force is deduced, and the principle of the adjustable quality factor is analyzed. Then, a sample of the sensor with an adjustable quality factor is developed by using the micromachining method, and a high-precision detection circuit, based on a 90 degrees feedback loop, is constructed to manufacture the sensor quality factor adjustment experiment. The results show that the quality factor is 16.89 when the gain M is zero. When the gain is equal to 1.07 center dot 106, the quality factor of the sensor increases by a factor of 4.73 to reach 79.94. It can significantly improve the detection sensitivity and accuracy of such sensors. Finally, this approach can meet different testing requirements and significantly reduce the cost of equipment fabrication and reduce the experimental expenses.

关键词： Mico-resonant sensors Adjustable quality factor MEMS Pressure sensor

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Adaptive Measurement Model-Based Fusion of Capacitive Proximity sensor and LiDAR for Improved Mobile Robot Perception

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IEEE ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LETTERS 2025年第1期10卷 836-843页

作者： Kang, Hyunchang Yim, Hongsik Sung, Hyukjae Choi, Hyouk Ryeol Sungkyunkwan Univ Sch Mech Engn Seoburo 2066 South Korea

This study introduces a novel algorithm that combines a custom-developed capacitive proximity sensor with LiDAR. This integration targets the limitations of using single-sensor systems for mobile robot perception. Our approach deals with the non-Gaussian distribution that arises during the nonlinear transformation of capacitive sensor data into distance measurements. The non-Gaussian distribution resulting from this nonlinear transformation is linearized using a first-order Taylor approximation, creating a measurement model unique to our sensor. This method helps establish a linear relationship between capacitance values and their corresponding distance measurements. Assuming that the capacitance's standard deviation ($\sigma$) remains constant, it is modeled as a distance function. By linearizing the capacitance data and synthesizing it with LiDAR data using Gaussian methods, we fuse the sensor information to enhance integration. This results in more precise and robust distance measurements than those obtained through traditional Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter (AEKF) methods. The proposed algorithm is designed for real-time data processing, significantly improving the robot's state estimation accuracy and stability in various environments. This study offers a reliable method for positional estimation of mobile robots, showcasing outstanding fusion performance in complex settings.

关键词： Robot sensing systems Laser radar Capacitance Noise Mobile robots Mathematical models Heuristic algorithms Capacitive sensors Standards Accuracy sensor fusion mobile robots safety in HRI

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Design of a Novel Optical Overhead Line Monitoring sensor

IEEE SENSORS LETTERS

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IEEE sensors LETTERS 2024年第8期8卷

作者： Marston, Jack Fusiek, Grzegorz Niewczas, Pawel Univ Strathclyde Dept Elect & Elect Engn Glasgow G1 1XW Scotland

This letter reports on the design of a novel optical overhead line (OHL) monitoring sensor for determining key mechanical line parameters in electrical power networks. The sensor employs fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) that are inscribed in a metal-coated fiber and encapsulated in a Kovar capillary. The epoxy-free construction of the sensor ensures high-performance hermetic sealing of the FBGs making the proposed sag sensor suitable for monitoring standard low-temperature as well as high-temperature low-sag OHL conductors. The sensor construction allows for direct measurements of the conductor strain and temperature of up to +/- 2000 mu m/m (mu strain) and up to 450 degrees C, respectively, and indirect measurements of sag and other parameters, such as tension force and stress, in the conductor. The sensor design optimization is performed by means of the finite element analysis, allowing the expected strain transfer from the conductor to the strain sensor to be investigated theoretically. It is demonstrated that the proposed design of the sensor, with a simulated strain transfer of 52%, is suitable for providing sag measurements within the required ranges. The proposed sensor has the potential for multiplexing on a single optical fiber and thus can be used for the determination of OHL sag, temperature, and vibration over a wide-area power network, enabling precise dynamic line rating and condition monitoring functions.

关键词： Temperature sensors sensors Conductors Strain Temperature measurement Optical fiber sensors Capacitive sensors sensor integration fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) finite element analysis (FEA) design optimization optical sag sensor overhead line (OHL) conductors power grids

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An Energy-Efficient All-Dynamic Multiparameter sensor for Battery-Less Smart Nodes in Agricultural Internet-of-Things

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2024年第13期24卷 21426-21435页

作者： Wang, Zhenglai Zhang, Yunshan Wang, Weixiao Feng, Xiangdong Xiao, Qijing Kuang, Yonghong Zhao, Bo Luo, Yuxuan Zhejiang Univ Coll Integrated Circuits Hangzhou 310058 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ ZJU Hangzhou Global Sci & Technol Innovat Ctr Hangzhou 310058 Peoples R China Microaiot Hangzhou 310000 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Coll Integrated Circuits ZJU Hangzhou Global Sci & Technol Innovat Ctr Sch Med Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Stomatol Hosp Sch Med Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang Peoples R China

The increasing demand for efficient and sustainable agricultural practices underscores the importance of Agricultural Internet-of-Things (Agri-IoT). This integration of technology in agriculture facilitates precise and efficient farming methods, contributing significantly to global food security and environmental conservation. For Agri-IoT optimization, it is essential to obtain information such as temperature, ambient humidity (AH), and soil moisture (SM) in an environment-friendly manner. The existing sensor node is powered by a battery that can potentially pollute the soil and have a limited lifespan. In this work, we present a sensor chip that can efficiently read temperature, AH, and SM in an all-dynamic manner. The multiparameter chip operates in an event-driven manner, which only starts wireless transmission if an input event is detected. The event-driven operation further reduces the energy consumption of the sensor node. The low-energy sensor is combined with an RF energy harvester (EH) and wireless transmitter (TX) to achieve battery-less data acquisition. The proposed sensor chip is fabricated in 65-nm CMOS technology and occupies a chip area of 0.612 mm(2). The measured temperature accuracy is +/- 1 C-degrees over the range of -40 C-degrees- 85 C-degrees with a single-point calibration. The measured AH +/- 3.8% RH over the 10%-90% RH range. Besides, it can support SM monitoring over the range of 10%-50% gravimetric water content (GWC). The power consumption of the multisensor interface circuits is 4.8 mu W at a supply voltage of 0.8 V.

关键词： sensors Temperature sensors Capacitive sensors Capacitors Power demand Circuits sensor fusion Ambient humidity (AH) event-driven sensing low-energy sensors multiparameter sensing soil moisture (SM) temperature sensing

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Development of a Noncontact Measurement Setup for the Evaluation of Bearing Voltages

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2025年第2期25卷 3369-3376页

作者： Proksch, Daniel Salat, Tobit Kopp, Lennart Krotsch, Jens Kley, Markus Aalen Univ Appl Sci Inst Dr Technol D-73430 Aalen Germany Aalen Univ Appl Sci Fac Mech & Mat Engn D-73430 Aalen Germany

The damage resulting from bearing voltages is a major cause of premature machine failures. The necessary measurements at the system level and installed conditions can be difficult to perform with conventional measurement systems. This leads to a significant risk for the development of electrical vehicles. The main requirement for implementing a suitable measurement application on the systems level is the limited installation space, considering the need to retain the machine's original design as well as the significance of the measured values. Depending on the used measurement system, different types of parasitic currents and voltages can be detected. This article presents a novel sensor concept for bearing voltage measurement in electrical machines. The proposed measurement technique is based on a capacitive arrangement, which allows for the noncontact measurement of voltages on the rotating shaft. The arrangement is based on a cylindrical capacitor consisting of the motor shaft and an isolating attachment with a conductive inlay. The measuring principle is developed by simulation and validated on an electrical machine in the lower power range at different speeds. It can estimate the electrical stress on the motor's bearings caused by electrical discharge machining (EDM) currents. The proposed sensor can be customized easily and used in a real application environment. The presented measuring setup enables simple mounting by attaching the sensor to the housing. Only the stress caused by EDM currents is rated, using the index of potential EDM damage. The obtained data includes the required information to analyze the intensity and frequency of EDM currents.

关键词： Voltage measurement Current measurement Shafts sensors Motors Lubrication Electric variables measurement Rotors Stress Measurement techniques sensor modeling sensor system integration

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Driver Posture Recognition: A Review

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 176301-176345页

作者： Mahomed, Afsaana Sultaana Saha, Akshay Kumar Univ KwaZulu Natal Discipline Elect Elect & Comp Engn ZA-4041 Durban South Africa

Driver Posture Recognition Systems (DPRS) are indispensable for advancement in vehicle safety by tracking driver posture using sensors and cameras. These systems monitor the driver's position, movements, and posture to promote safe driving behaviour and take action if needed using a variety of approaches to driver posture analysis. sensor based approaches involved the utilisation of sensors such pressure sensors, accelerometers, and gyroscopes, to collect information on the driver's posture when seated in vehicle. Vision based approaches consisted mainly of cameras to monitor and assess the driver's position using advanced computer vision methods associated with facial landmark detection and body posture analysis. Hybrid approaches is the merging of both sensor-based and vision-based approaches to provide improved precision through the integration of various data sources using fusion tactics, feature extraction methods, and machine learning algorithms. The implementation of DPRS in vehicles is centred on monitoring driver posture in real-time without intrusion, providing prompt alerts to reduce risks related to incorrect seating or positioning. This article provides a general review of most aspects related to DPRS design, emphasizing the significance of accurate posture recognition that give priority to driver health and safety.

关键词： Vehicles Sleep Fatigue sensors Monitoring Feature extraction Accuracy Visualization sensor systems Face recognition Autonomous vehicles Decision trees Support vector machines Accelerometers intelligent vehicles accelerometers autonomous vehicles decision trees machine learning monitoring support vector machines safety

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High-Altitude Precision Landing by Smartphone Video Guidance sensor and sensor Fusion

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DRONES 2024年第2期8卷

作者： Cotta, Joao Leonardo Silva Gutierrez, Hector Bertaska, Ivan R. Inness, John P. Rakoczy, John Florida Inst Technol Dept Aerosp Engn Phys & Space Sci Melbourne FL 32901 USA Florida Inst Technol Dept Mech & Civil Engn Melbourne FL 32901 USA NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr Control Syst Design & Anal Branch Huntsville AL 35812 USA

This paper describes the deployment, integration, and demonstration of the Smartphone Video Guidance sensor (SVGS) as novel technology for autonomous 6-DOF proximity maneuvers and high-altitude precision landing of UAVs via sensor fusion. The proposed approach uses a vision-based photogrammetric position and attitude sensor (SVGS) to support the precise automated landing of a UAV from an initial altitude above 100 m to ground, guided by an array of landing beacons. SVGS information is fused with other on-board sensors at the flight control unit to estimate the UAV's position and attitude during landing relative to a ground coordinate system defined by the landing beacons. While the SVGS can provide mm-level absolute positioning accuracy depending on range and beacon dimensions, the proper operation of the SVGS requires a line of sight between the camera and the beacon, and readings can be disturbed by environmental lighting conditions and reflections. SVGS readings can therefore be intermittent, and their update rate is not deterministic since the SVGS runs on an Android device. The sensor fusion of the SVGS with on-board sensors enables an accurate and reliable update of the position and attitude estimates during landing, providing improved performance compared to state-of-art automated landing technology based on an infrared beacon, but its implementation must address the challenges mentioned above. The proposed technique also shows significant advantages compared with state-of-the-art sensors for High-Altitude Landing, such as those based on LIDAR.

关键词： unmanned aerial vehicle autonomous landing Smartphone Video Guidance sensor visual inertial odometry sensor fusion infrared beacon LIDAR

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Ultrahigh-Sensitive Triple-Parameter sensor Based on D-Shape Three-Hole Fiber for Simultaneous Detection of Magnetic Field, Temperature, and Relative Humidity

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2025年第7期25卷 10868-10878页

作者： Fu, Haihao Hou, Donglian Gao, Wei Guo, Yuying Wang, Xin Lou, Shuqin Sheng, Zhufeng Beijing Jiaotong Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Beijing 100044 Peoples R China China Ctr Informat Ind Dev Beijing Peoples R China

An ultrahigh-sensitive triple-parameter sensor based on D-shaped three-hole fiber (DTHF) is proposed for simultaneous detection of magnetic field, temperature, and relative humidity. The DTHF is constructed by side-polishing one side of three-hole fiber to let one air hole open, and thus, an arc-shaped groove is formed. Through filling the magnetic fluid (MF), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into two different air holes and injecting polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into the arc-shaped groove, a DTHF-based triple-parameter sensor can be constructed for synchronous detection of magnetic field, temperature, and relative humidity Meanwhile, three Al wires are modified at the positions closest to the fiber core in the arc-shaped groove and two air holes to excite surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is beneficial to enhance the sensitivity. High sensing performance can be achieved by optimizing the structural parameters of DTHF-based sensor. Numerical results indicate that the DTHF-based triple-parameter sensor can detect the magnetic field in the range of 35 similar to 110 Oe, temperature in the range of 14.3 degrees C similar to 64.3 degrees C, and relative humidity in the range of 30%similar to 80%. The maximum magnetic field sensitivity, maximum temperature sensitivity, and maximum relative humidity sensitivity are as high as 62 000 pm/mT, 5.0 nm/degrees C, and 57.8 nm/%RH, respectively. The maximum magnetic field sensitivity and the maximum relative humidity sensitivity are both more than one order of magnitude improvement in comparison to that of single-parameter sensors for magnetic field and relative humidity, while the maximum temperature sensitivity is comparable to that of the single-parameter temperature sensor. The DTHF-based triple-parameter sensor with high integration, low difficulty for analytes filling, and high sensitivities has the potential application in fields of marine resource development and multiparameter environmental monitoring.

关键词： Magnetic field relative humidity surface plasmon resonance (SPR) temperature triple-parameter sensor

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A Survey of LoRaWAN-Integrated Wearable sensor Networks for Human Activity Recognition: Applications, Challenges and Possible Solutions

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY 2024年 5卷 6713-6735页

作者： Obiri, Nahshon Mokua Van Laerhoven, Kristof Univ Siegen Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci D-57076 Siegen Germany

Long-Range Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN), a prominent technology within Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), have gained traction in remote monitoring due to their long-range communication, scalability, and low energy consumption. Compared to other LPWANs like Sigfox, Ingenu Random Phase Multiple Access (Ingenu-RPMA), Long-Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M), and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), LoRaWAN offers superior adaptability in diverse environments. This adaptability makes it particularly effective for Human Activity Recognition (HAR) systems. These systems utilize wearable sensors to collect data for applications in healthcare, elderly care, sports, and environmental monitoring. Integrating LoRaWAN with edge computing and Internet of Things (IoT) frameworks enhances data processing and transmission efficiency. However, challenges such as sensor wearability, data payload constraints, energy efficiency, and security must be addressed to deploy LoRaWAN-based HAR systems in real-world applications effectively. This survey explores the integration of LoRaWAN technology with wearable sensors for HAR, highlighting its suitability for remote monitoring applications such as Activities of Daily Living (ADL), tracking and localization, healthcare, and safety. We categorize state-of-the-art LoRaWAN-integrated wearable systems into body-worn, hybrid, objectmounted, and ambient sensors. We then discuss their applications and challenges, including energy efficiency, sensor scalability, data constraints, and security. Potential solutions such as advanced edge processing algorithms and secure communication protocols are proposed to enhance system performance and user comfort. The survey also outlines specific future research directions to advance this evolving field.

关键词： Human activity recognition LoRaWAN Wearable sensors Low-power wide area networks Scalability Surveys Biomedical monitoring Costs Reviews Monitoring HAR IoT LPWAN remote monitoring wearable sensors sensor integration survey

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Printed PEDOT:PSS and KCl-Based Electrochemical Gas sensor for Acetone Detection

IEEE SENSORS LETTERS

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IEEE sensors LETTERS 2025年第1期9卷

作者： Beduk, Tutku Rauter, Lukas Vijjapu, Mani T. Jose, Manoj Zikulnig, Johanna Kosel, Jurgen Silicon Austria Labs GmbH Sensor Syst A-9524 Villach Austria Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne EPFL STI IEM ICLAB CH-2000 Neuchatel Switzerland

The detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as acetone is critical in clinical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Acetone is a key biomarker for several medical conditions, most notably diabetes, and is widely used as an industrial solvent. It is present in many household products, leading to environmental exposure. In this study, we introduce a fully printed electrochemical gas sensor fabricated using screen printing technology on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate, employing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the conductive polymer and potassium chloride (KCl) as the supporting electrolyte. This configuration leverages the high conductivity and environmental stability of PEDOT:PSS enhanced by the ionic conductivity of KCl to achieve a sensitivity of 0.94 ppm within a linear detection range from 0 to 26 ppm for acetone vapor. The screen-printing technique provides a reproducible and scalable method for sensor fabrication, offering a practical solution for deploying low-cost, flexible, and portable devices. The resulting sensor demonstrates excellent potential for integration into wearable devices for real-time health monitoring and portable units for field testing, providing a significant advancement in the application of flexible electronics to VOC detection. In addition, additive manufacturing allows for consistent layering and scalable production with low waste generation in gas sensor production.

关键词： sensors Gas detectors Electrolytes Electrodes Diabetes Sensitivity Polymers Electric potential Substrates Solvents Chemical and biological sensors acetone gas sensors printed electronics printed sensors

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