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Toward Precision Health: A Bluetooth-Enabled, Miniaturized Glucose Monitoring Wearable

IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2025年第7期25卷 11971-11981页

作者： Mansour, Mohammad Tawakey, Samar H. Salim, Alyaa I. Muhammad, Sayed T. Soltan, Ahmed Nile Univ Nanoelect Integrated Syst Ctr NISC Giza 12588 Egypt McMaster Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada Nile Univ NISC Giza 12588 Egypt Tanta Univ Fac Sci Dept Chem Tanta 31527 Egypt Nile Univ Sch Biotechnol Giza 12588 Egypt Fayoum Univ Dept Comp & Syst Engn Faiyum 63514 Egypt Fayoum Univ Dept Elect Engn Faiyum 63514 Egypt

In this work, a miniaturized, Bluetooth-enabled glucose monitoring wearable patch is proposed. The device integrates improved potentiostatic systems and microneedle technology to enable minimally invasive and real-time monitoring of glucose levels. For the microneedle autocalibration, an automatic glucose oxidation peak detector algorithm is implemented within the microcontroller for more stability in glucose measurements. The calibration process also reduces the operation time during chronoamperometric measurements. The device's functionality is extended beyond continuously monitoring glucose in the interstitial fluid (ISF) by integrating off-the-shelf sensors for heart rate and body temperature monitoring. The integration of these sensors and the wireless communication protocol is managed to ensure the seamless operation, minimal power consumption, and user comfort. The device operates using a dedicated cross-platform application to collect and display data. The sensitivity of the glucose sensor is 30.44 nA/ mM , covering a dynamic range of 1.5-14 mM . Through a detailed examination of power management strategies and sensor data integrity, this study demonstrates the feasibility of such integrated health monitoring devices for everyday use. With ultralow power consumption of 103 mu W , the device has an extended battery life of 204 days by using a smart energy management technique. Moreover, the microneedle sensor offers a long lifespan of 15 days before needing replacement. The device has potential utility in the personalized healthcare and clinical settings.

关键词： sensors Glucose Temperature sensors Monitoring Temperature measurement Microcontrollers Wireless communication Heart rate Glucose sensors Electrodes Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) glucose wearable sensors health monitoring noninvasive glucose monitoring precision medicine

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integration of 3D printed Mg²⁺ potentiometric sensors into microfluidic devices for bioanalysis

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LAB ON A CHIP 2024年第17期24卷 4096-4104页

作者： Farahani, Sarah Glasco, Dalton L. Elhassan, Manar M. Sireesha, Pedaballi Bell, Jeffrey G. Washington State Univ Dept Chem Pullman WA 99164 USA Washington State Univ Gene & Linda Voiland Sch Chem Engn & Bioengn Pullman WA 99164 USA British Univ Egypt Fac Pharm Pharmaceut Analyt Chem Dept El Sherouk City 11837 Egypt

Electrochemical sensors provide an affordable and reliable approach towards the detection and monitoring of important biological species ranging from simple ions to complex biomolecules. The ability to miniaturize electrochemical sensors, coupled with their affordability and simple equipment requirements for signal readout, permits the use of these sensors at the point-of-care where analysis using non-invasively obtainable biofluids is receiving growing interest by the research community. This paper describes the design, fabrication, and integration of a 3D printed Mg2+ potentiometric sensor into a 3D printed microfluidic device for the quantification of Mg2+ in low-sample volume biological fluids. The sensor employs a functionalized 3D printable photocurable methacrylate-based ion-selective membrane affixed to a carbon-mesh/epoxy solid-contact transducer for the selective determination of Mg2+ in sweat, saliva and urine. The 3D printed Mg2+ ion-selective electrode (3Dp-Mg2+-ISE) provided a Nernstian response of 27.5 mV per decade with a linear range of 10 mM to 39 mu M, covering the normal physiological and clinically relevant levels of Mg2+ in biofluids. 3Dp-Mg2+-ISEs selectively measure Mg2+ over other biologically present cations - sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium - as well as provide high stability in the analytical signal with a drift of just 13 mu V h(-1) over 10 hours. Comparison with poly(vinylchloride)-based Mg2+-ISEs showed distinct advantages to the use of 3Dp-Mg2+-ISEs, with respect to stability, resilience towards biofouling and importantly providing a streamlined and rapid approach towards mass production of selective and reliable sensors. The miniaturization capabilities of 3D printing coupled with the benefits of microfluidic analysis (i.e., low sample volumes, minimal reagent consumption, automation of multiple assays, etc.), provides exciting opportunities for the realization of the next-generation of point-of-care diagnostic devices.

关键词： Ions

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Hardware Implementation of Edge Neural Network Computing for sensor With Memristors Based on Single-Crystalline LiNbO3 Thin Film

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2023年第8期23卷 8526-8534页

作者： Pan, Xinqiang Luo, Wen Shuai, Yao Hu, Shaogang Luo, Wenbo Qiao, Guanchao Zhou, Tong Wang, Jiejun Xie, Qin Huang, Shitian Liu, Yang Wu, Chuangui Zhang, Wanli Univ Elect Sci & Technol China UESTC State Key Lab Elect Thin Films & Integrated Device Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China UESTC Chongqing Inst Microelect Ind Technol Chongqing 401332 Peoples R China

With the development of artificial intelligent IoT (AIoT) and dramatic increase of the amount of data, conventional architecture, in which all the data collected by sensors are sent to the data center for processing and computing, suffered from heavy computing load in the data center, latency, and high energy consumption. Edge neural network computing at the sensor terminal is demanding. Based on the advantages of memristor in nature co-location of memory and computing, high computing parallelism, low energy consumption, and miniaturization potential, we proposed to take use of memristors to conduct edge neural network computing at sensor and realize the integration of sensing memory computing. Also, in order to solve the problems caused by resistance states variation and device-to-device variation without transistor connected in series, highly uniform memristors based on single-crystalline LiNbO3 (LN) thin film with two stable resistance states were fabricated and utilized to realize binarized neural networks computing, and the coupling between the pressure sensor output signal with the input of the memristor array has been built. The hardware implementation of memristor-based edge neural network computing on the signals of pressure sensor array has been realized. With the memristor-based edge neural network computing, recognition of three letters ("V," "Z," and "T") wrote on the pressure sensor array has been realized.

关键词： Memristors sensors Resistance Pressure sensors sensor arrays Training Hardware Artificial intelligent IoT (AIoT) edge computing integration of sensing memory computing memristor neural network

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A self-powered photoactive room temperature gas sensor based on a porphyrin-functionalized ZnO nanorod/p-Si heterostructure

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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C 2024年第27期12卷 9968-9977页

作者： Bora, Arbacheena George, Jeena Sivalingam, Yuvaraj Surya, Velappa Jayaraman Magna, Gabriele Mangalampalli, S. R. N. Kiran Paolesse, Roberto Di Natale, Corrado SRM Inst Sci & Technol Dept Phys & Nanotechnol Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India Univ Roma Tor Vergata Dept Elect Engn Via Politecn 1 I-00133 Rome Italy Tohoku Univ New Ind Creat Hatchery Ctr NICHe Sendai Miyagi 9808579 Japan Univ Roma Tor Vergata Dept Chem Sci & Technol Via Ric Sci I-00133 Rome Italy King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol KAUST Comp Elect & Math Sci & Engn Div CEMSE Sensors Lab Thuwal 239556900 Saudi Arabia

The integration of self-powered photodetectors and highly selective gas sensors into a unified system has revolutionized the development of next-generation optoelectronic gas sensors towards overcoming the limitations of high power consumption and poor selectivity in traditional systems. In this scenario, this work describes a superior optoelectronic gas sensor based on 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl porphyrin (H2TPPCOOH)-functionalized vertically aligned 1D ZnO nanorods grown on p-Si. The dual impact of porphyrin functionalization on the powering and chemical sensing properties of the ZnO NR/p-Si heterostructure was investigated. The resulting porphyrin-functionalized device demonstrated a maximum VOC of 0.1 V and Isc of 12.16 mu A with good sensitivity and fast response towards triethylamine (TEA) vapors at room temperature. The level of defects in the device and the gas sensing mechanism were studied using the Scanning Kelvin Probe system, and the photoelectric mechanism is explained through energy band diagrams. The ambipolar charge transport in the device plays a significant role in chemical sensing at room temperature at zero power consumption. Hence, this work offers valuable insights for designing self-sustained, stable, cost-effective, miniaturized smart chemical sensors, which are highly selective to specific VOC biomarkers in complex gas mixtures, with a potential for on-chip integration and point-of-care health monitoring. The integration of self-powered detectors and selective gas sensors into a single system introduces a next-generation of optoelectronic gas sensors that overcome the limitations of power consumption and poor selectivity.

关键词： Cost effectiveness

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Advancements in hydrogen gas leakage detection sensor technologies and safety measures

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CLEAN ENERGY 2025年第1期9卷 263-277页

作者： Menon, Shyam Kumar Kumar, Adesh Mondal, Surajit UPES Sch Adv Engn Dept Elect & Elect Engn Dehra Dun 248007 Uttarakhand India

Hydrogen is hailed as a plentiful and clean energy source, which holds promise as a substitute for fossil fuels, particularly when produced through solar water splitting. However, its volatile and explosive nature necessitates stringent safety measures throughout its production, transportation, and utilization. This study analyzes hydrogen gas leakage detection by using various sensors such as ultrasonic, electrochemical, metal oxide (MOX), catalytic, and fiber Bragg grating sensors. Various sensor technologies are developed for hydrogen leak detection, and each offers unique advantages and challenges. Fiber optic sensors, leveraging changes in light interference, provide explosion resistance and durability, while ultrasonic sensors detect leaks through sound wave analysis, albeit with limited commercial application in hydrogen environments. Schlieren imaging offers real-time visualization of hydrogen behavior, predominantly in laboratory settings. Electrochemical sensors enable reliable detection through electrochemical interactions, while MOX sensors exhibit sensitivity and ease of manufacturing, albeit with challenges related to cross-sensitivity and response times. Catalytic gas sensors and thermal conductivity sensors offer alternative detection methods, with the former catalyzing hydrogen combustion for detection and the latter measuring temperature differentials upon exposure to hydrogen. The analysis of hydrogen leakage incidents highlights the importance of robust safety measures in hydrogen infrastructure and facilities. The integration of innovative sensing technologies with automated shutdown systems and robust materials has enhanced the reliability and efficiency of leak detection systems. Continued research and cooperation are essential to address residual challenges and further enhance the safety of hydrogen utilization in various industrial sectors. Hydrogen gas leakage detection sensors are reviewed, including types such as ultrasonic, electrochemic

关键词： fossil fuels FBG hydrogen natural gas sensor

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Thermal Compensation System for Silicon Piezoresistive Pressure sensors Based on Surface Fitting and Wild Horse Algorithm

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2024年第7期24卷 10347-10354页

作者： Su, Wenbin Ren, Wei Han, Xiangguang Hua, Yingli Mu, Xinrong Huang, Mimi Chen, Shuai Wang, Shengqi Cui, Zeyu Zhao, Libo Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Mech Engn Xian 710049 Peoples R China Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Instrument Sci & Technol Xian 710049 Peoples R China

Silicon piezoresistive pressure sensors suffer from temperature effects significantly. The thermal compensation system based on surface fitting and wild horse algorithm is proposed to overcome the nonlinearity. The polynomial coefficients in surface fitting are optimized using the wild horse algorithm. A platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) integrated in the silicon layer of the pressure sensor is employed to capture the local temperature variations. The extracted pressure and temperature changes are fed to the compensation algorithm via digital circuits. The results of calibration experiments show that the PRT has a maximum absolute error of 1.24 Omega , and the standard deviation of the output signal and sensitivity among several pressure sensors in the same batch is 4.5 mV and 0.07 mV/MPa, respectively, ensuring the accuracy for PRT and mass production repeatability for pressure sensors. The comprehensive performance of the compensation system was validated under 0-40 MPa and 0 degrees C-80 degrees C. The linearity of the sensor decreases from 8.1218%FS to 0.0629%FS on the calibration data. When the pressure and temperature change simultaneously, the linearity remains at 0.1112%FS. Hence, the system considerably reduces the temperature impact on silicon piezoresistive pressure sensors and exhibits strong integration and generalization.

关键词： Temperature sensors sensors Temperature measurement Piezoresistance Pressure sensors Silicon Surface fitting Platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) silicon piezoresistive pressure sensors surface fitting thermal compensation system

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Study and Realization of Environmental Health Diagnosis by Using Nanomaterial Based Fiber Optic sensor-A Review

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2023年第1期23卷 53-67页

作者： Singh, Shailendra Kumar Paul, Mukul Chandra Acad Sci & Innovat Res AcSIR Ghaziabad 201002 India Cent Glass & Ceram Res Inst Fiber Opt & Photon Div Kolkata 700032 India

In these days, the significance of fiber optic sensors has exceptionally increased due to technological advances in modern society. Nowadays, researchers are attracted toward the development of a sensor that possesses the integration of both fiber optic sensors and nanocomposite thin film to improve the sensor's performance. Thin-film nanomaterial based optical fiber sensors have great potential applications, namely, gas sensing, chemical sensing, biomolecules, food plant, industrial hazards, safety issues, drug monitoring, and heavy metal detections. There are various techniques, namely, evanescent field absorption spectroscopy, fiber Bragg grating (FBG), long-period grating (LPG), ringdown spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) techniques, and so on, which are used for the development of fiber optic sensors that are majorly emphasized in the current article. Numerous scientific researchers have demonstrated that functionalized fiber optic sensors are found more beneficial in terms of improvement of the sensing performance, such as sensitivity, repeatability, response time, specificity, recovery time, and repeatability. Henceforth, in this review article, we have focused on these requisite sensing parameters in detail. Furthermore, to keep human beings healthy, it is our responsibility to develop a sensor that can monitor the optimum toxic concentrations accurately. Thus, the monitoring of industrial environmental pollutants, such as NH3, ethylenediamine, alcohol, and acetone, is immensely important to save human lives on Earth. In the report, all the details of the target analytes, such as optimum concentrations, adverse effects on human beings, and monitoring techniques, are discussed.

关键词： sensors Optical fiber sensors Optical fibers Temperature sensors Monitoring Sensitivity Chemical sensors Ammonia sensor fiber optic sensor nanomaterial thin-film material volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

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Synergistic design of mechanical properties between implantable sensor and concrete based on three-dimensional refined numerical model

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CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS 2024年 426卷

作者： Liu, Chuankun Kong, Linghui Wei, Ya Tsinghua Univ Dept Civil Engn Key Lab Civil Engn Safety & Durabil China Educ Minist Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Southwest United Grad Sch Kunming 650092 Peoples R China

With the ongoing advancement in the construction and development of intelligent infrastructures, there has been a significant integration of sensors within structures. Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement, being a predominant form of transportation infrastructures, necessitates comprehensive analysis due to its critical role. Given that flexural strength is a paramount design criterion for PCC pavements, concrete beams are selected as the primary focus for this study. Initially, a sophisticated three-dimensional numerical model is constructed. This model intricately incorporates the concepts of concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) and the cohesive zone model (CZM) to examine the interaction between the sensor and the concrete beam. The veracity of the numerical model is rigorously validated through methodical three-point bending tests, ensuring its reliability and accuracy. Subsequently, an innovative method for the synergistic design and assessment of the mechanical properties of the implantable sensor in conjunction with the concrete component is introduced. This methodology is underpinned by a novel synergistic performance index system. The system is stratified into different layers, with synergy degree as the target layer, and bearing performance, deformation coordination, and damage control as the criterion layer. In the final phase of the research, the study delves into the impacts of various factors such as size parameters, packaging materials, and positioning of the sensor on its synergistic performance with the concrete. The insights derived from this research are poised to offer valuable guidance for the integrated synergistic design of sensors. This is envisioned to facilitate optimal integration, ensuring long-term and precise monitoring of concrete structures, thereby contributing significantly to the field of intelligent infrastructure construction and maintenance.

关键词： Concrete damaged plasticity Cohesive zone model Implantable sensor Refined numerical model Synergistic performance

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A Method for Automated Manufacturing of Ion-Selective Electrodes

IEEE SENSORS LETTERS

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IEEE sensors LETTERS 2025年第1期9卷

作者： Zhai, Jiawei Luo, Bin Liu, Tianyang Wang, Xiaodong Zhao, Chunjiang Beijing Univ Technol Fac Informat Technol Dept Artificial Intelligence & Automat Beijing 100124 Peoples R China Beijing Acad Agr & Forestry Sci Intelligent Equipment Res Ctr Beijing 100097 Peoples R China Minist Agr & Rural Affairs Key Lab Agr Sensors Beijing 100097 Peoples R China

Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) play an important role in the field of electrochemical sensors and have a significant impact on future ion detection. At present, to address the sensor consistency issue in the commercialization process of ISE, we emphasize that automated manufacturing has the potential to achieve calibration-free sensors. First, the design of automated manufacturing requires expert experience to help understand the ISE mechanism and its structure. Then, we introduce two automated manufacturing processes for sensors to help understand the design and manufacturing process. Finally, we propose a device for semiautomated manufacturing of ISE and verify that automated manufacturing of ISE has better consistency and potential reproducibility than manual manufacturing of ISE. The results show that for the transduction layer (conductive graphite adhesive) coated automatically in the same batch, the impedance difference is 4.8 K Omega, while that of the manual batch is 36.6 K Omega. In the performance of cyclic voltammetry, the gap of peak current is reduced from 21.5 to 4.8 mu A.

关键词： Electrodes sensors Ions Wire Production Platinum Electric potential Solids sensor materials automation ion-selective electrode (ISE) LabVIEW manufacturing mechanical-electrical integration manufacturing mechanical-electrical integration

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A Machine-Learning Architecture for sensor Fault Detection, Isolation, and Accommodation in Digital Twins

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2023年第3期23卷 2522-2538页

作者： Darvishi, Hossein Ciuonzo, Domenico Rossi, Pierluigi Salvo Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Syst N-7491 Trondheim Norway Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne EPFL Signal Proc Lab LTS4 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland Univ Naples Federico II Dept Elect Engn & Informat Technol DIETI I-80125 Naples Italy SINTEF Energy Res Dept Gas Technol N-7491 Trondheim Norway

sensor technologies empower Industry 4.0 by enabling integration of in-field and real-time raw data into digital twins (DTs). However, sensors might be unreliable due to inherent issues and/or environmental conditions. This article aims at detecting anomalies instantaneously in measurements from sensors, identifying the faulty ones and accommodating them with appropriate estimated data, thus paving the way to reliable DTs. More specifically, a real-time general machine-learning-based architecture for sensor validation is proposed, built upon a series of neural-network estimators and a classifier. Estimators correspond to virtual sensors of all unreliable sensors (to reconstruct normal behavior and replace the isolated faulty sensor within the system), whereas the classifier is used for detection and isolation tasks. A comprehensive statistical analysis on three different real-world datasets is conducted and the performance of the proposed architecture is validated under hard and soft synthetically generated faults.

关键词： sensors sensor systems Fault diagnosis Artificial neural networks Task analysis Fault detection Proposals Digital twin (DT) fault diagnosis machine learning neural networks (NNs) sensor validation

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