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ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS 2025年第3期7卷

作者： Islam, Mohammad Shafiqul Cha, Sangwon Hassan, Md Farhad Cai, Wenxin Saniat, Tahsin Sejat Leach, Cedar Rose Khan, Yasser Univ Southern Calif Dept Elect & Comp Engn Los Angeles CA 90089 USA Univ Southern Calif Inst Technol & Med Syst ITEMS Keck Sch Med Los Angeles CA 90033 USA Univ Southern Calif Mork Family Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci Los Angeles CA 90089 USA Georgia Inst Technol Sch Aerosp Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA

Sweat rate measures key physiological states such as hydration levels and heat tolerance. Incorporating wearable technology with sweat rate sensors allows individuals to conveniently monitor their health, optimize workouts, and enhance occupational safety. However, challenges persist in such integration techniques, including intricate manufacturing, nonlinear responses to changes in sweat rates, and errors from the intermediate measurement of the distance sweat travels in the sensor. To address these issues, we present a comprehensive wearable platform that includes a fully printed, flexible sensor patch, readout electronics, and a mobile app for continuous, real-time monitoring of sweat rate. We fabricate a sensor patch with an area of 700 mm2 and a weight of 380 mg by utilizing direct 3D printing and scalable microfluidic fabrication. The microfluidic channels are 850 mu m wide and 164 mu m thick, with serpentine electrodes measuring sweat rate using capacitance. The custom readout electronics capture these changes in capacitance to accurately measure sweat rate, achieving a sensitivity of 0.01 mu L min-1. The sensor's performance is validated against analytical models, simulations, and on-body trials with commercial sensors. This cost-effective, flexible, and fully integrated sweat-sensing solution has significant potential in precision health.

关键词： capacitive sweat rate sensors bioelectronics flexible and printed electronics wearable electronics

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Electrochemical sensors Go Nano: Carbon Nanomaterials for Ultrasensitive Heavy Metal Analysis

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CURRENT NANOSCIENCE 2025年第4期21卷 596-612页

作者： Zhou, Qingwei Fu, Li Zhu, Jiangwei Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Coll Mat & Environm Engn Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China Nanjing Forestry Univ Coinnovat Ctr Sustainable Forestry Southern China Nanjing 210037 Peoples R China

Background Heavy metal contamination of food and the environment is a major concern worldwide. Conventional detection techniques like atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have limitations including high costs and insufficient sensitivity. Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterials have emerged as an attractive alternative for rapid, affordable, and ultrasensitive heavy metal *** This review summarizes recent advances in using carbon nanomaterials like ordered mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon dots for electrochemical sensing of toxic heavy metals. Synthesis methods, characterization techniques, functionalization strategies and detection mechanisms are *** High surface area, electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic activity of carbon nanomaterials enable preconcentration of metal ions and signal amplification at electrode interfaces. This results in remarkably low detection limits down to parts per trillion levels. Functionalization with metal nanoparticles, molecularly imprinted polymers and other nanocomposites further improves sensor selectivity and sensitivity. These sensors have been applied for the quantitative detection of arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, and other toxic metals in lab *** Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanotubes, graphene, mesoporous carbon, and carbon dots are rapidly emerging as an ultrasensitive, cost-effective alternative to conventional techniques for on-site screening of heavy metal contamination in food and environment. Further validation using real-world samples and integration into portable field testing kits can enable widespread deployment.

关键词： Carbon materials electrochemical sensor heavy metal sensor detection nanocomposite

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Nanomaterial-based sensors for microbe detection: a review

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DISCOVER NANO 2024年第1期19卷 1-24页

作者： Khan, Muhammad Qamar Khan, Jahangir Alvi, Muhammad Abbas Haider Nawaz, Hifza Fahad, Muhammad Umar, Muhammad Natl Text Univ Sch Engn & Technol Dept Text Engn Faisalabad 37610 Punjab Pakistan Univ Manchester Dept Mat Manchester M13 9PL England

Airborne microorganisms pose a significant health threat, causing various illnesses. Traditional detection methods are often slow and complex. This review highlights the potential of nanomaterial-based biosensors, particularly colorimetric sensors, for rapid and on-site detection of airborne microbes. Colorimetric sensors offer real-time visual detection without complex instrumentation. We explore the integration of these sensors with Lab-on-a-Chip technology using PDMS microfluidics. This review also proposes a novel PDMS-based colorimetric biosensor for real-time detection of airborne microbes. The sensor utilizes a color change phenomenon easily observable with the naked eye, simplifying analysis and potentially enabling point-of-care applications.

关键词： Microbes sensor Nanofibers Colorimetric phenomenon Biosensor

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Research on the Sensing Characteristics of an Integrated Grid-like sensor Based on a Triboelectric Nanogenerator

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sensors 2024年第3期24卷 869-869页

作者： Zhao, Shiyu Han, Guanghui Deng, Huaxia Ma, Mengchao Zhong, Xiang Hefei Univ Technol Sch Instrument Sci & Optoelect Engn Hefei 230009 Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Dept Modern Mech CAS Key Lab Mech Behav & Design Mat Hefei 230027 Peoples R China

With the development of the integration and miniaturization of sensing devices, the concept of self-sensing devices has been proposed. A motion state is self-sensed via the structure or integration of an actuator in the construction of a sensing unit. This device is then used to capture the perception and measurement of states such as position, displacement, and speed. A triboelectric nanogenerator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy through the coupling effect of contact generation and electrostatic induction, which represents one of the reliable ways through which to realize integrated sensing. In this world, the power generation technology of the TENG is applied to a sensing device. The sensing characteristics of a grid-like TENG are designed and analyzed in freestanding triboelectric mode. Firstly, a relation model of displacement, velocity, voltage, and charge is established. The charge-transfer increment and current amounts are linearly related to the velocity. The open-circuit voltage has a positive relationship with the displacement. The maximum open-circuit voltage and the maximum charge transfer are fixed values, and they are only related to the inherent parameters of a triboelectric nanogenerator. Next, the sensor model is constructed using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0. The simulation results show that the relationships between output voltage and charge transfer, as well as those between the increments of charge transfer, velocity, and displacement, are consistent with the results derived from the formula. Finally, a performance test of the designed sensor is carried out, and the results are consistent with the theoretical deduction and simulation. After analysis and processing of the output electrical signal by the host computer, it can feedback the frequency and speed value of the measured object. In addition, the output signal is stable, and there is no large fluctuation or attenuation during the 521-s vibration test. Because the working unit

关键词： triboelectric nanogenerator self-sensing velocity sensing displacement sensing integration

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Development of electrochemical sensors based on silver nanoparticles electrodeposited on gold screen-printed electrodes: application to nitrate trace analysis in water

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JOURNAL OF sensors AND sensor SYSTEMS 2024年第1期13卷 135-145页

作者： Ben Messaoud, Najib dos Santos, Marilia Barreiros Espina, Begona Queiros, Raquel Barbosa Int Iberian Nanotechnol Lab Ave Mestre Jose Veiga P-4715330 Braga Portugal

A simple, reusable and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on a gold screen-printed electrode modified with silver nanoparticles has been developed for the detection of nitrate in water. Scanning electron microscopy, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the modification of the electrode surface. The modified electrode with different silver nanoparticle loadings was also tested, as well as the influence of scan rate on the reduction of nitrate. The sensor exhibited a wide linear response to nitrate from 100 to 1500 mu M and a detection limit of 7.7 mu M, which is significantly less than the maximum contaminant level admitted in drinking water (800 mu M). The reproducibility, repeatability and selectivity of the sensor have also been examined. The suitability of the proposed sensor for real sample detection was successfully demonstrated via recovery studies performed in spiked tap water samples. The proposed approach was used to determine nitrate in freshwater, and the results were in good agreement with those obtained from a commercial nitrate sensor. These advantages make the developed sensor a promising alternative approach for integration into an online monitoring system for water monitoring.

关键词： Nitrates

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Visual Piezoresistive Dual-Response sensor Based on CaZnOS: Mn Mechanoluminescence Materials

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ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2025年第6期10卷

作者： Yu, Junwen Liu, Yun Niu, Quanwang Wang, Xiangfu Yan, Xiaohong Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Coll Elect & Opt Engn Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Coll Flexible Elect Future Technol Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China Key Lab Radio Frequency & Micronano Elect Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China

The ability to achieve real-time movement visualization in piezoresistive sensors remains a challenge. A visual piezoresistive sensor to perceive the intensity of mechanical stimuli and visible spatial location information is designed based on the mechanoluminescence material CaZnOS: Mn. The linearity, detection range, sensitivity, and stability of the sensor are tested, and the sensing mechanism of the sensor is discussed, and the relationship between force, resistance, and light intensity is established. A 5 x 5 sensor array is prepared to realize the visual detection of dynamic force trajectory, and combined with a convolutional neural network and random forest algorithm, the human writing number and pressure characteristics are recognized, and the writing path and handwriting of the robot arm are controlled by multi-feature input. The experimental results show that the machine learning algorithm is very reliable with an accuracy of 98.33% for digit recognition and 97.21% for identity recognition. The visual piezoresistive pressure sensor provides a new idea for the visualization of flexible pressure and promotes the development of flexible sensors towards integration and intelligence.

关键词： dual-response dynamic force visualization mechanoluminescence piezoresistive

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sensor-Based Assessment of Mental Fatigue Effects on Postural Stability and Multi-sensory integration

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sensors 2025年第5期25卷 1470页

作者： Sun, Yao Sun, Yingjie Zhang, Jia Ran, Feng China Univ Min & Technol Sch Phys Educ Xuzhou 221116 Peoples R China Chongqing Univ Sch Phys Educ Chongqing 401331 Peoples R China

Objective: Mental fatigue (MF) induced by prolonged cognitive tasks poses significant risks to postural stability, yet its effects on multi-sensory integration remain poorly understood. Method: This study investigated how MF alters sensory reweighting and postural control in 27 healthy young males. A 45 min incongruent Stroop task was employed to induce MF, validated via subjective Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores and psychomotor vigilance tests. Postural stability was assessed under four sensory perturbation conditions (O-H: no interference;C-H: visual occlusion;O-S: proprioceptive perturbation;C-S: combined perturbations) using a Kistler force platform. Center of pressure (COP) signals were analyzed through time-domain metrics, sample entropy (SampEn), and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to quantify energy distributions across sensory-related frequency bands (visual: 0-0.1 Hz;vestibular: 0.1-0.39 Hz;cerebellar: 0.39-1.56 Hz;proprioceptive: 1.56-6.25 Hz). Results: MF significantly reduced proprioceptive energy contributions (p < 0.05) while increasing vestibular reliance under O-S conditions (p < 0.05). Time-domain metrics showed no significant changes in COP velocity or displacement, but SampEn decreased under closed-eye conditions (p < 0.001), indicating reduced postural adaptability. DWT analysis highlighted MF's interaction with visual occlusion, altering cerebellar and proprioceptive energy dynamics (p < 0.01). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that MF disrupts proprioceptive integration, prompting compensatory shifts toward vestibular and cerebellar inputs. The integration of nonlinear entropy and frequency-domain analyses advances methodological frameworks for fatigue research, offering insights into real-time sensor-based fatigue monitoring and balance rehabilitation strategies. This study underscores the hierarchical interplay of sensory systems under cognitive load and provides empirical evidence for optimizing interventions in high-risk occupationa

关键词： mental fatigue postural control sensory reweighting center of pressure discrete wavelet transform sample entropy

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Wearable Biodevices Based on Two-Dimensional Materials:From Flexible sensors to Smart Integrated Systems

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Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第5期17卷 207-255页

作者： Yingzhi Sun Weiyi He Can Jiang Jing Li Jianli Liu Mingjie Liu School of Medical Technology Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education School of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing 100191People’s Republic of China

The proliferation of wearable biodevices has boosted the development of soft,innovative,and multifunctional materials for human health *** integration of wearable sensors with intelligent systems is an overwhelming tendency,providing powerful tools for remote health monitoring and personal health *** many candidates,two-dimensional(2D)materials stand out due to several exotic mechanical,electrical,optical,and chemical properties that can be efficiently integrated into atomic-thin *** previous reviews on 2D materials for biodevices primarily focus on conventional configurations and materials like graphene,the rapid development of new 2D materials with exotic properties has opened up novel applications,particularly in smart interaction and integrated *** review aims to consolidate recent progress,highlight the unique advantages of 2D materials,and guide future research by discussing existing challenges and opportunities in applying 2D materials for smart wearable *** begin with an in-depth analysis of the advantages,sensing mechanisms,and potential applications of 2D materials in wearable biodevice *** this,we systematically discuss state-of-the-art biodevices based on 2D materials for monitoring various physiological signals within the human *** attention is given to showcasing the integration of multi-functionality in 2D smart devices,mainly including self-power supply,integrated diagnosis/treatment,and human–machine ***,the review concludes with a concise summary of existing challenges and prospective solutions concerning the utilization of2D materials for advanced biodevices.

关键词： Two-dimensional material Wearable biodevice Flexible sensor Smart integrated system Healthcare

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Integrated wearable anti-wetting strain sensor with the ability of achieving human joints bending recognition and electricity generation simultaneously

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sensors AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL 2024年 365卷

作者： Ma, Junchi Qing, Yongquan Song, Haoyang Long, Cai Liu, Changsheng Northeastern Univ Sch Mat Sci & Engn Shenyang 110819 Peoples R China Northeastern Univ Key Lab Anisotropy & Texture Mat Minist Educ Shenyang 110819 Peoples R China Shenyang Pharmaceut Univ Sch Pharm Shenyang 110016 Peoples R China

Wearable strain sensor has attracted much attention in human health monitoring, medical rehabilitation, and human-computer interaction. However, it is still a huge challenge for strain sensors to achieve long-term and stable operation in harsh conditions such as exposing to wet environments, directly contacting aqueous solutions or power shortage. Herein, we integrated a wearable, anti-wetting, and self-powered combined-type (WASC) strain sensor consists of three parts: a superhydrophobic and conductive Ti3C2TX (MXene) based composite coating, Ecoflex substrate and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) composed of polyamide and poly-dimethylsiloxane films. The hierarchical micro/nano mastoid wrinkle structure of the MXene composite coating endowed WASC strain sensor with a wide sensing range (strain over 150%), superior sensitivity (gauge factor of 5678.2), and a stable superhydrophobic surface. Most importantly, the WASC sensor could efficiently monitor real-time human joints bending movements (such as finger bending) and generate electricity simultaneously, without being affected by water, acid, alkali, and salt solution. This described integration strategy of combined -type strain sensor provided a promising method for wearable strain sensors to deal with emergencies such as power shortage, wet environment, or corrosive conditions.

关键词： Power shortage Self-powered Superhydrophobic TENG Hierarchical micro/nano mastoid wrinkle structure

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Full-Range, High-Sensitivity, Linear Aerogel Pressure sensor with Epidermal-Inspired Mechanoreception Networks

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2025年 511卷

作者： Chai, Ziyuan Sun, Yue He, Yueran Su, Yunting Liu, Kesong Jiang, Lei Heng, Liping Beihang Univ Sch Chem Key Lab Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Sci & Techno Minist Educ Beijing 100191 Peoples R China

The integration of real and virtual worlds through the Internet of Things (IoT) is driving the evolution of human lifestyle and production methods. For IoT applications, precise detection of human physical signals by flexible sensors is crucial. Although various polymer-based flexible sensors have been developed, they often struggle to combine high sensitivity with wide-range linear sensing capability. The human epidermis, our largest organ, is remarkably sensitive to a broad spectrum of deformations, from the subtle, like the sensation of an insect crawling, to the intense, such as skin compression. Inspired by this, we construct a compressive piezoresistive polyimide (PI)-based aerogel sensor with an epidermal-inspired mechanoreception network enabled by nerve-like reduced graphene oxide (rGO) networks and MXene-covered-liquid metal (MLM) tactile receptors. The rGO networks and MLM receptors work synergistically, mimicking neural system of epidermis. This intricate structure endows aerogel sensor with a full linear sensing range from 0 % to 80 % compressive strain, along with high sensitivity, characterized by a gauge factor (GF) of 1.23. Moreover, the aerogel shows promising potential as an anti-icing and heat-insulating material. This work advances the concept of creating aerogel sensors that offer a full-range linear response and high sensitivity, opening new possibilities for applications in various fields.

关键词： Aerogels Oriented freeze-drying Pressure sensor Full linear sensing Epidermal-inspired

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