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Self-Sensing Electromechanical System Integrated with the Embedded Displacement sensor

sensors 2024年第13期24卷 4102页

作者： Wang, Shuxian Liu, Shiyou Su, Zuqiang Liu, Linlin Tang, Zhi Chongqing Univ Posts & Telecommunict Inst Adv Mfg Engn Chongqing 400065 Peoples R China Chongqing Qingshan Ind Co Ltd Chongqing 402761 Peoples R China Chongqing Univ Sch Comp Chongqing 400044 Peoples R China

Conventionally, the electromechanical system requires the installation of auxiliary displacement sensors and only the amount on the drive part and motion end, which increases volume, cost, and measurement error in the system. This paper presents an integrated measurement method with a sensing head, which takes the equal division characteristics of mechanical structures as part of the sensor, thus, the so-called self-sensing system. Moreover, the displacement is measured by counting the time pulses. The sensing head is integrated with the entire electromechanical system, including the driving, transmitting, and moving parts. Thus, the integration of the sensing part is greatly improved. Taking the rotary table as a special example, and the sensing head embedded into each part of the system, displacement information is obtained by the common processing system and fused by the adaptive weighted average method. The results of the experiment show that the fusion precision of each component is higher than only the motor position information as the feedback. The proposed method is a practical self-sensing technology with significant volume reduction and intelligent control benefits in the industry, especially suitable for extremely small and narrow spaces.

关键词： self-sensing position detection electromechanical system integration embedded

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Application of Isokinetic Dynamometry Data in Predicting Gait Deviation Index Using Machine Learning in Stroke Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

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sensors 2024年第22期24卷 7258页

作者： Lu, Xiaolei Qiao, Chenye Wang, Hujun Li, Yingqi Wang, Jingxuan Wang, Congxiao Wang, Yingpeng Qie, Shuyan Capital Med Univ Beijing Rehabil Hosp Dept Rehabil Beijing 100144 Peoples R China Capital Med Univ Beijing Rehabil Hosp Beijing Rehabil Med Beijing 100144 Peoples R China

Background: Three-dimensional gait analysis, supported by advanced sensor systems, is a crucial component in the rehabilitation assessment of post-stroke hemiplegic patients. However, the sensor data generated from such analyses are often complex and challenging to interpret in clinical practice, requiring significant time and complicated procedures. The Gait Deviation Index (GDI) serves as a simplified metric for quantifying the severity of pathological gait. Although isokinetic dynamometry, utilizing sophisticated sensors, is widely employed in muscle function assessment and rehabilitation, its application in gait analysis remains underexplored. Objective: This study aims to investigate the use of sensor-acquired isokinetic muscle strength data, combined with machine learning techniques, to predict the GDI in hemiplegic patients. This study utilizes data captured from sensors embedded in the Biodex dynamometry system and the Vicon 3D motion capture system, highlighting the integration of sensor technology in clinical gait analysis. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, observational study that included a cohort of 150 post-stroke hemiplegic patients. The sensor data included measurements such as peak torque, peak torque/body weight, maximum work of repeated actions, coefficient of variation, average power, total work, acceleration time, deceleration time, range of motion, and average peak torque for both flexor and extensor muscles on the affected side at three angular velocities (60 degrees/s, 90 degrees/s, and 120 degrees/s) using the Biodex System 4 Pro. The GDI was calculated using data from a Vicon 3D motion capture system. This study employed four machine learning models-Lasso Regression, Random Forest (RF), Support Vector regression (SVR), and BP Neural Network-to model and validate the sensor data. Model performance was evaluated using mean squared error (MSE), the coefficient of determination (R2), and mean absolute error (MAE). SHapley Additive exPl

关键词： sensors isokinetic dynamometry gait deviation index machine learning stroke

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Multi-sensor Platform in Precision Livestock Farming for Air Quality Measurement Based on Open-Source Tools

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APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2024年第18期14卷

作者： Danev, Victor Atanasova, Tatiana Dineva, Kristina Bulgarian Acad Sci Inst Informat & Commun Technol Acad G Bonchev strBl 2 Sofia 1113 Bulgaria

Monitoring air quality in livestock farming facilities is crucial for ensuring the health and well-being of both animals and workers. As livestock farming can contribute to the emission of various gaseous and particulate pollutants, there is a pressing need for advanced air quality monitoring systems to manage and mitigate these emissions effectively. This study introduces a multi-sensor air quality monitoring system designed specifically for livestock farming environments. Utilizing open-source tools and low-cost sensors, the system can measure multiple air quality parameters simultaneously. The system architecture is based on SOLID principles to ensure robustness, scalability, and ease of maintenance. Understanding a trend of evolution of air quality monitoring from single-parameter measurements to a more holistic approach through the integration of multiple sensors, a multi-sensor platform is proposed in this work. This shift towards multi-sensor systems is driven by the recognition that a comprehensive understanding of air quality requires consideration of diverse pollutants and environmental factors. The aim of this study is to construct a multi-sensor air quality monitoring system with the use of open-source tools and low-cost sensors as a tool for Precision Livestock Farming (PLF). Analysis of the data collected by the multi-sensor device reveals some insights into the environmental conditions in the monitored barn. Time-series and correlation analyses revealed significant interactions between key environmental parameters, such as strong positive correlations between ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, and between total volatile organic compounds and carbon dioxide. These relationships highlight the critical impact of these odorants on air quality, emphasizing the need for effective barn environmental controls to manage these factors.

关键词： multi-sensor air quality Precision Livestock Farming (PLF)

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Wafer-level chip-scale packaging of MEMS environmental sensors by functionalized porous PowderMEMS® micro-filters

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JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 2025年第2期35卷 025005-025005页

作者： Behrmann, Ole Kyoushi, Niklas Bodduluri, Mani Teja Lisec, Thomas Schroeder, Stefan Gojdka, Bjoern Fraunhofer Inst Silicon Technol ISIT Itzehoe Germany Univ Kiel Kiel Germany

MEMS environmental sensors, including pressure, gas, and humidity sensors, require protection from mechanical damage, particle exposure, and condensing moisture, while maintaining their ability to exchange gases with the environment. This work introduces a novel packaging approach for MEMS environmental sensors using substrate-embedded filters made from microfine powders through PowderMEMS (R) microfabrication technology. The study demonstrates the successful fabrication of gas permeable, functionalized PowderMEMS (R) filters on 200 mm Si-wafers for wafer-level packaging of MEMS environmental sensors. Utilizing complete Si-wafers allows for all MEMS sensors on a device wafer to be packaged in a single substrate bonding step, followed by die singulation. The processed wafers are shown to be compatible with high-temperature glass-frit substrate bonding. Alternatively, individual chips with PowderMEMS (R) filters can be assembled discretely onto standard semiconductor packages to serve as gas-permeable filters. Successful hydrophobation of the inherently hydrophilic PowderMEMS (R) structures by deposition of hydrophobic nanofilms is demonstrated and resistance to water ingress is evaluated by immersion testing. Given that many MEMS gas sensors are cross-reactive to oxidizing gases like ozone, this study also explores the integration of ozone-degrading catalytic powder into the PowderMEMS (R) filters. As a proof-of-concept, commercial MEMS ozone sensors are modified with catalytic PowderMEMS (R) caps, and successful ozone degradation is demonstrated. While PowderMEMS (R) processing is typically conducted on 200 mm Si-wafers, other suitable substrates include glass and (fiber-reinforced) polymers.

关键词： Gas sensor wafer-level package hydrophobic membrane catalytic filter environmental sensor chip-scale package

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Diffusion-Modulated Colorimetric sensor for Continuous Gas Detection

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2023年第11期23卷 11404-11411页

作者： Yu, Jingjing Ding, Wei Jaishi, Laxmi Lin, Chenwen Boylan, Rachel Dixit, Chinmay Chandrakant Lamsal, Buddhi Sagar He, Wei Tsow, Francis Tan, Songxin Zhou, Yue Xian, Xiaojun South Dakota State Univ Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Brookings SD 57007 USA Arizona State Univ Ctr Bioelectron & Biosensors Tempe AZ 85281 USA South Dakota State Univ Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Brookings SD 57007 USA

Due to their high sensitivity and selectivity, low cost, and good compatibility for sensor array integration, colorimetric gas sensors are widely used in hazardous gas detection, food freshness assessment, and gaseous biomarker identification. However, colorimetric gas sensors are usually designed for one-time discrete measurement because the sensing materials are entirely exposed to analytes during the sensing process. The fast consumption of sensing materials limits colorimetric sensors' applications in continuous analytes monitoring, increases the operation complexity, and brings challenges for calibration. In this work, we reported a novel sensor design to prolong the lifetime of colorimetric gas sensors by engineering the gas diffusion process to preserve the sensing materials. We compared two geometries for gas diffusion control in a sensing matrix through simulation and experiment on an ammonia sensing platform. We found that the 2-D gas diffusion geometry enabled a better sensor performance, including more stable and higher sensitivity and a more linear response to ammonia concentration compared to 1-D gas diffusion geometry. We also demonstrated the usability of this diffusion-modulated colorimetric sensor for continuous environmental ammonia monitoring.

关键词： sensors Chemical sensors Gas detectors Ammonia Sensitivity Monitoring Geometry Air quality ammonia colorimetric sensor diffusion gas sensor lifetime sensitivity

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An approach to enhance the sensitivity of a Mach-Zehnder displacement fiber sensor using the spectrum differential integration method and the filter in a double-pass configuration

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OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY 2024年 87卷

作者： Guillen-Ruiz, L. E. Anzueto-Sanchez, G. Martinez-Rios, A. Jimenez-Mares, M. C. Camas-Anzueto, J. L. Tecnol Nacl Mexico Inst Tecnol Tuxtla Gutierrez Postgrad Dept Optomechatron & photon Grp Tuxtla Gutierrez 29050 Chiapas Mexico Ctr Invest Opt AC Leon 37150 Guanajuato Mexico

A novel Mach-Zehnder (MZ) fiber displacement sensor that uses an alternative analysis method known as the spectrum differential integration (SDI) in conjunction with an experimental configuration that allows the double passage of light through the same sensor point was presented. This approach increases sensitivity, achieving twice the order of magnitude typically obtained with a Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer (MZFI). This study analyzes the increase in the sensitivity of an MZFI using two tapers separated by a distance L. The dependence of the sensitivity as a function of the separation length between tapers dS/dL is studied. The results are compared with those obtained using the traditional spectra displacement monitoring method. It is demonstrated that this method could be employed as a fiber optic sensor for measuring micro-displacements. The result establishes that for short ranges requiring satisfactory resolution, the SDI method is significantly more effective, increasing the sensitivity in a double-pass configuration to-0.009248 (nm/mu m)/cm compared with tracking the spectral shift at 0.5954 (dB/mu m)/cm with the alternative SDI method in an MZFI with a taper separation distance of 5 cm.

关键词： Fiber optic sensors

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Improved Calibration Method of the Photonic Current sensor for Monitoring HVDC Networks

IEEE SENSORS LETTERS

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IEEE sensors LETTERS 2024年第10期8卷 1-4页

作者： Amiolemen, Alfred Fusiek, Grzegorz Niewczas, Pawel Univ Strathclyde Dept Elect & Elect Engn Glasgow G1 1RD Scotland

This letter presents an improved calibration method for a novel optical current sensor (OCS) based on the integration of photonic and piezoelectric technologies to facilitate the distributed measurement of current within high-voltage direct current (HVDC) networks. The sensor is designed to fit in an HVDC subsea cable splice to provide remote distributed current measurement for enhanced monitoring and protection of HVDC power cable assets. The prototype transducer comprises a nonlinear amplifier with an enhanced dynamic range to reduce the measurement errors that are dominated by the limitations of the sensor interrogation system at low input signal levels. The improved calibration method incorporates segregated piecewise curve fitting into the sensor calibration characteristic. The experimental results demonstrate the significant reduction of the measurement errors showing the potential of the sensor to comply with the accuracy requirements set by the IEC 61869-14 standard for Class 1 direct current transformer (DCCT) devices.

关键词： sensors HVDC transmission Calibration sensor phenomena and characterization Voltage measurement Accuracy Current measurement Optical sensors direct current transformer (DCCT) fiber Bragg grating (FBG) high-voltage direct current (HVDC) low-voltage transducer (LVT) optical current sensor (OCS) piezoelectric transducer (PZT)

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DAMPNN: Dynamic Adaptive Message Passing Neural Network for Industrial Soft sensor

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS 2025年第2期21卷 1190-1199页

作者： Yan, Feng Yang, Chunjie Kong, Liyuan Yang, Chong Zhejiang Univ Coll Control Sci & Engn State Key Lab Ind Control Technol Hangzhou 310000 Peoples R China

Data-driven soft sensor modeling has received much attention in industrial processes. Most of the existing soft sensor approaches have not considered the complex dynamic spatial coupling characteristics between process variables. Recently, graph-based soft sensor modeling methods have started to show powerful expressive ability in capturing relational dependencies. However, existing graph-based soft sensor models still confront several limitations: 1) these models usually depend on predefined graph structures or local dynamic graph;2) they fail to study dynamic message passing mechanism;3) they have not considered the importance of extracted features from the entire graph. To handle these problems, in this study, we develop a dynamic adaptive message passing neural network (DAMPNN) for industrial soft sensor. The main novelty lies in an integration of our designed three modules into DAMPNN. First, we propose an adaptive graph learning module to automatically capture mutual relationships between process variables instead of a predefined adjacency matrix. Then, we design a dynamic message passing module to aggregate neighborhood information and update graph representation. In addition, a dual self-attention module is embedded into the top layer to concurrently emphasize informative features and time points for fine-grained soft sensor modeling. Finally, comprehensive comparison results on two real-world industrial cases demonstrate that DAMPNN outperforms the existing graph-based soft sensor methods.

关键词： Soft sensors Message passing Couplings Adaptation models Feature extraction Adaptive systems Training Temperature sensors Microwave integrated circuits Market research Dual self-attention dynamic message passing graph neural network (GNN) soft sensor

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Highly selective ethanol vapour sensing materials for a new generation of gas sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers

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TALANTA 2025年 281卷 126902页

作者： Cowen, Todd Grammatikos, Sotirios Cheffena, Michael Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol Fac Engn Teknologivegen 22 N-2815 Gjovik Norway

A simple gas sensor consisting of a molecularly imprinted polymer-carbon nanotube composite cast onto a screen-printed electrode has been developed with extremely high selectivity for ethanol vapour over methanol vapour. Ethanol gas sensors typically display selectivity for ethanol over methanol in the range 2-4 times, while the mean ratio of ethanol to methanol response observed with the described device was 672. This selectivity was achieved under ambient conditions. Additionally, the molecularly imprinted polymer was produced using reagents previously applied in the development of a device selective for methanol, with only the template being changed. This demonstrates the versatility of molecular imprinting and provides a foundation for their greater integration into future gas sensors.

关键词： Gas sensors Selectivity Molecular imprinting Volatile organic compounds Ethanol

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A Capacitive sensor Readout IC With Antenna-Integrated sensor for Proximity Detection in Handheld Mobile Devices

IEEE SENSORS LETTERS

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IEEE sensors LETTERS 2024年第7期8卷

作者： Hsu, Ting-Li Hagelauer, Amelie Solomko, Valentyn Tech Univ Munich Chair Micro Nanosyst Technol D-85748 Garching Germany Solid State Technol Fraunhofer EMFT Inst Elect Microsyst D-80686 Munich Germany Infineon Technol AG D-85579 Neubiberg Germany

In this letter, a capacitive sensor readout integrated circuit (IC) and a prototype using an inverted-F antenna (IFA) as the capacitive sensor for proximity detection are presented. A unique front-end circuit converts the single-ended sensing capacitance with one electroplate being always grounded into differential signal utilizing correlated double sampling while suppressing the noise of the front-end circuits. The implemented IC shows that with an offset capacitance of $\text{72}\,\text{pF}$, a noise floor of $\text{17}\,\text{fF}$ can be achieved. The IC was designed and fabricated in a $\text{90}\,\text{nm}$ RF SOI complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) switch technology for its possible integration with radio-frequency (RF) antenna tuning switches. The assembled phone mockup prototype demonstrates the capability of the proposed system to detect the proximity of human body parts with high offset capacitance to maintain the RF performance of the antenna for sub-$3 \text{GHz}$ mobile communication.

关键词： sensors Capacitance Capacitors Radio frequency Capacitive sensors Noise Voltage sensor systems antenna capacitive sensor complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) correlated-dobule sampling (CDS) IFA PIFA proximity sensor specific absorption rate (SAR) sensor

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