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Hierarchically-Interlocked, Three-Axis soft Iontronic sensor for Omnidirectional Shear and Normal Forces

ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2025年第5期10卷

作者： Shen, Zequn Ren, Jieji Zhang, Ningbin Li, Jinhao Gu, Guoying Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Robot Inst Sch Mech Engn State Key Lab Mech Syst & Vibrat Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Meta Robot Inst Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China

Artificial tactile sensing capable of measuring shear and normal forces is crucial for the diverse human-machine interactions and dexterous robotic manipulations. However, existing soft multi-axis force sensors usually suffer from limited detectable directions and complex coupling mechanisms, limiting their applications in realistic wearable and robotic systems. Here, a hierarchically-interlocked, three-axis soft iontronic sensor is presented with an asymmetrical electrode pattern that leverages the mortise-and-tenon structure and ultracapacitive principle to detect omnidirectional shear and normal forces. The designed sensor facilitates the decoupling process and achieves enhanced sensing performances including high accuracy, fast response ability, and mechanical robustness. Prototypical integration and application of the sensor are demonstrated to perform wearable telecontrol of virtual platforms and assist robot gripper through closed-loop force feedback. A sensing array is further developed to construct a touch panel and identify handwriting based on the continuously measured directions of applied forces. This work may offer a potentially promising solution for the next-generation intelligent electronic skins requiring multimodal tactile sensing information. A hierarchically-interlocked, three-axis soft iontronic sensor is proposed to detect omnidirectional shear and normal forces. Asymmetrical electrode pattern with mortise-and-tenon sensing architecture facilitates decoupling process and achieves enhanced sensing performances. The fabricated sensor can be applied as electronic skins to provide three-axis force feedback for wearable devices and robots. image

关键词： hierarchically-interlocked structure omnidirectional shear and normal forces robotic skins three-axis soft iontronic sensors wearable electronics

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Solid-state electrochemical hydrogen sensors: A review

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY 2023年第80期48卷 31377-31391页

作者： Wang, Chao Yang, Jiaxuan Li, Jiale Luo, Chenglin Xu, Xiaowei Qian, Feng Wuhan Univ Sci & Technol Sch Automobile & Traff Engn Wuhan 430065 Hubei Peoples R China

Hydrogen is an excellent energy carrier and considered a promising candidate to replace petroleum-based fossil fuels. But there are unsafe factors in the use process of hydrogen. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a commercially viable and highly reliable hydrogen sensor. Here, this review, the findings presented in recent research papers and future directions of solid electrolyte electrochemical hydrogen sensor based is introduced. We discovered that solid-state electrochemical hydrogen sensors have the advantages of portability, miniaturization, real-time monitoring, reliable and fast response. Future development directions will include improvement of material properties, high sensor responsiveness and durability, enhancement of integration and miniaturization, and new material systems, including nanomaterials, composite material. In the future, networking, intelligent and the trend of combining multiple technologies into smart/intelligent detection devices will favor the development of hydrogen sensors in a wide measuring range and better response time (c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electrochemical H 2 sensor Amperometric Potentiometric Impedimetric Electrode material Electrolyte

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Multi-node wearable optical sensor based on microfiber Bragg gratings

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OPTICS EXPRESS 2024年第6期32卷 8496-8505页

作者： Lu, Ruyi Yue, Xu Yang, Qiaochu Song, Enlai Peng, Bo Ran, Yang Jinan Univ Inst Photon Technol Guangdong Prov Key Lab Opt Fiber Sensing & Commun Guangzhou 510632 Peoples R China Jinan Univ Coll Phys & Optoelect Engn Guangzhou 510632 Peoples R China Jinan Univ Inst Environm & Climate Res Guangzhou 511443 Peoples R China

Flexibly wearable sensors are widely applied in health monitoring and personalized therapy. Multiple-node sensing is essential for mastering the health condition holistically. In this work, we report a multi-node wearable optical sensor (MNWOS) based on the cascade of microfiber Bragg gratings (mu FBG), which features the reflective operation mode and ultra-compact size, facilitating the functional integration in a flexible substrate pad. The MNWOS can realize multipoint monitoring on physical variables, such as temperature and pressure, in both static and dynamic modes. Furthermore, the eccentric package configuration endows the MNWOS with the discernibility of bending direction in addition to the bending angle sensing. The multi-parameter sensing is realized by solving the sensing matrix that represents different sensitivity regarding the bending and temperature between FBGs. The MNWOS offers great prospect for the development of human-machine interfaces and medical and health detection.

关键词： Bend loss Effective refractive index Fiber Bragg grating sensors Fiber optic sensors Plastic optical fibers Wavelength division multiplexing

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Feasibility Study on the Use of NO2 and PM2.5 sensors for Exposure Assessment and Indoor Source Apportionment at Fixed Locations

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sensors 2024年第17期24卷 5767页

作者： Chacon-Mateos, Miriam Remy, Erika Liebers, Uta Heimann, Frank Witt, Christian Vogt, Ulrich Univ Stuttgart Dept Flue Gas Cleaning & Air Qual Control D-70569 Stuttgart Germany Univ Hohenheim Inst Phys & Meteorol D-70599 Stuttgart Germany Charite Univ Med Berlin Inst Physiol D-10117 Berlin Germany Free Univ Berlin D-10117 Berlin Germany Humboldt Univ D-10117 Berlin Germany Evangelische Lungenklin Berlin Buch Dept Pneumol D-13125 Berlin Germany Ambulante Pneumol Allergie Zentrum D-70178 Stuttgart Germany

Recent advances in sensor technology for air pollution monitoring open new possibilities in the field of environmental epidemiology. The low spatial resolution of fixed outdoor measurement stations and modelling uncertainties currently limit the understanding of personal exposure. In this context, air quality sensor systems (AQSSs) offer significant potential to enhance personal exposure assessment. A pilot study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of the NO2 sensor model B43F and the particulate matter (PM) sensor model OPC-R1, both from Alphasense (UK), for use in epidemiological studies. Seven patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma had built-for-purpose sensor systems placed inside and outside of their homes at fixed locations for one month. Participants documented their indoor activities, presence in the house, window status, and symptom severity and performed a peak expiratory flow test. The potential inhaled doses of PM2.5 and NO2 were calculated using different data sources such as outdoor data from air quality monitoring stations, indoor data from AQSSs, and generic inhalation rates (IR) or activity-specific IR. Moreover, the relation between indoor and outdoor air quality obtained with AQSSs, an indoor source apportionment study, and an evaluation of the suitability of the AQSS data for studying the relationship between air quality and health were investigated. The results highlight the value of the sensor data and the importance of monitoring indoor air quality and activity patterns to avoid exposure misclassification. The use of AQSSs at fixed locations shows promise for larger-scale and/or long-term epidemiological studies.

关键词： air quality low-cost sensors indoor air exposure assessment source apportionment I/O ratio

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integration of Multiple sensors into an ROV for Remote Measurement in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

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JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2024年第1期36卷 71-78页

作者： Kamada, So Nishimura, Kazuya Natl Maritime Res Inst 6-38-1 Shinkawa Mitaka Tokyo 1810004 Japan

To measure and analyze the distribution and criticality of submerged fuel debris "in situ" in the decommissioning process of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (1F), we developed a system for remote measurement using multiple sensors consisting of the neutron sensor, the sonar, and the sub -bottom profiler (SBP) mounted on a small remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV). First, the locations presumed to contain fuel debris were explored based on the information of the water bottom shape obtained using the sonar and the bottom surface substructure obtained using the SBP. Second, the system identified the location of fuel debris by detecting neutrons emitted by spontaneous fissions of fuel debris using the neutron sensor with diamond elements. Simulated fuel debris was placed at the bottom of a test water tank that simulated the pedestal. In the primary containment vessel (PCV) of 1F, and a verification test of remote measurement was conducted using the ROV mounted on the multiple sensors. The desired results were obtained.

关键词： Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station fuel debris ROV neutron sensor SBP

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mmWave Radar-Based Noninvasive Vehicle Occupancy Detection With Insights From Vision, RF, and Physical sensors: A Review

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2025年第11期25卷 18643-18661页

作者： Yousaf, Jawad Palmer, Alyssa Shams, Maitha Wasma, Zayna Qasymeh, Montasir Hassan, Taimur Arora, Deepak Ghazal, Mohammed Abu Dhabi Univ Dept Elect Comp & Biomed Engn Abu Dhabi U Arab Emirates Liwa Coll Fac Engn & Comp Abu Dhabi U Arab Emirates

The potential uses of human occupancy detection (HOD) in vehicles are crucial for handling resources, passenger safety, and privacy-preserving technology. In this study, the usage of various sensor systems for noninvasive vehicle occupant detection is examined, including millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar, vision-based, and physical sensors. These technologies undergo a thorough review analysis that looks at methods, performance indicators, and use cases before being assessed for robustness, accuracy, real-time capabilities, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. The impact of clutter, scalability, and privacy in car interiors on HOD is also thoroughly discussed. Based on its ability to balance cost, accuracy, and adaptability, frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar is termed the best option for vehicle occupant identification. The study discussed the possible challenges and future direction, as well as provided research opportunities in hybrid sensing systems and advanced machine learning integration to overcome existing constraints.

关键词： Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar human occupancy detection (HOD) machine learning machine learning millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar noninvasive sensing noninvasive sensing physical sensors physical sensors vehicle occupancy vehicle occupancy vision-based sensors vision-based sensors vision-based sensors

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Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Flexible Acoustic sensor for Speech Recognition

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ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025年第7期17卷 11117-11125页

作者： Dai, Yang Li, Yunlong Xuan, Shixian Dai, Yuheng Xu, Tao Yu, Hu Xian Polytech Univ Sch Mech & Elect Engn Xian 710048 Peoples R China Wuhan Inst Marine Elect Prop Wuhan 430064 Peoples R China

The way people interact with machines through flexible acoustic sensors is revolutionizing the way we live. However, developing a human-machine interaction acoustic sensor that simultaneously offers low cost, high stability, high fidelity, and high sensitivity remains a significant challenge. In this study, a sensor based on a sound-driven triboelectric nanogenerator was proposed. A poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/graphene oxide (GO) composite nanofiber film was obtained as the dielectric layer through electrospinning, and copper-nickel alloy conductive fabric was used as the electrode. An imitation embroidery shed structure was designed in the shape of a ring to secure the upper and lower electrodes and the dielectric layer as a whole. Due to the porosity of the electrode, the large contact area of the dielectric layer, and the high stability of the imitation embroidery shed structure, the sensor achieves a sensitivity of 4.76 VPa-1 and a frequency response range of 20-2000 Hz. A multilayer attention convolutional network (MLACN) was designed for speech recognition. The designed speech recognition system achieved a 99.5% accuracy rate in recognizing common word pronunciations. The integration of sound-driven triboelectric nanogenerator-based flexible acoustic sensors with deep learning techniques holds great promise in the field of human-machine interaction.

关键词： sound-driven triboelectricnanogenerator electrospinning PVDF/GO machine learning human-machineinteraction

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Highly Adaptable Strain Capacitive sensors with Exceptional Selectivity Using Spontaneous Micrometer-Pyramid Electrodes

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ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2023年第2期5卷 977-984页

作者： Zhao, Le Yang, Pan Shi, Shuai Wang, Xiuyu Yu, Shihui Tianjin Univ Tianjin Key Lab Imaging & Sensing Microelect Techn Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Tianjin Univ Sch Microelect Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Luoyang Inst Sci & Technol Dept Elect Engn & Automation Luoyang 471023 Peoples R China

Strain capacitive sensors are essential to develop various applications, such as human-machine interfaces and monitoring of dynamic body movement. However, a big limitation of this sensor is its complex integration process and inherent property of low sensitivity. Herein, a highly adaptable strain capacitive sensor is developed by using spontaneous micrometer-pyramid electrodes via a facile, low-cost, and scalable solution method. The strain sensor in this study possesses a high gauge factor of 2.9, which is independent of the strain direction. In addition, the sensor has high linearity, high stability, and negligible hysteresis at a maximum applied strain of 70% and outstanding durability for over 1000 cycles at an applied strain of 60%. Finally, the highly adaptable strain sensor is further demonstrated in wearable applications. The potential applications of the highly adaptable sensors reported here may shed light on next-generation soft and flexible electronics.

关键词： PDMS highly adaptable strain sensor wearable flexible

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A Smart Tactile Sensing System Based on Carbon Nanotube/Polypropylene Composites for Wearable Applications

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2023年第3期23卷 2948-2955页

作者： Atoche-Ensenat, R. Perez, E. Hernandez-Benitez, A. Balam, A. Estrada-Lopez, Johan J. Vazquez-Castillo, J. Aviles, F. Castillo-Atoche, A. Tecnol Nacl Mexico Elect Dept Campus Merida Merida 97118 Yucatan Mexico Autonomous Univ Yucatan Fac Engn Merida 97203 Yucatan Mexico Ctr Invest Cient Yucatan Mat Dept Merida 97205 Yucatan Mexico Autonomous Univ Yucatan Fac Math Merida 97203 Yucatan Mexico Univ Autonoma Estado Quintana Roo Dept Informat & Networking Chetmal 77019 Quintana Roo Mexico

Recent advances in nanomaterials render the possibility of fabricating tactile sensors suitable for electronic skin, haptic interfaces, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, the problem of performing complex inertial measurements generated during the tactile process of polymer composites can be tackled using artificial intelligence (AI). However, the implementation of AI-based signal processing on embedded devices still represents an open area of opportunity for the design of the next generation of smart wearable sensor systems. A novel nanostructured smart tactile sensing system for wearable applications is proposed, using a 3-D-printed structure with embedded electronic devices. The highly sensitive piezoresistive tactile sensor is based on multiwall carbon nanotube/polypropylene (MWCNT/PP) composites. The integration of electronic circuits for signal processing of an artificial neural network (NN) on a digital controller unit improves the tactile interpretation in the wearable embedded device. Experiments show that the pressure classification results on MWCNT/PP composites with 98% accuracy.

关键词： sensors Tactile sensors Nanocomposites Intelligent sensors Wearable sensors sensor systems Piezoresistance Carbon nanotube (CNT)/polypropylene (PP) composite intelligent tactile classification piezoresistive tactile sensor smart wearable sensor

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Integrated Acoustic-Vibratory sensor Inspired by the Ear Bones of Sea Turtles for Heart Sound Detection

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IEEE sensors JOURNAL 2024年第10期24卷 15865-15874页

作者： An, Qi Zang, Junbin Zhang, Zhidong Gao, Libo Wang, Guanjun Xue, Chenyang North Univ China Sch Instrument & Elect Taiyuan 030051 Peoples R China Shanxi Coll Technol Shuozhou 036000 Peoples R China North Univ China Key Lab Instrumentat Sci & Dynam Measurement Taiyuan 030051 Peoples R China Xiamen Univ Dept Mech & Elect Engn Xiamen 361102 Peoples R China Hainan Univ Sch Elect Sci & Technol Haikou 570228 Peoples R China

Biomimetics is an indispensable discipline in modern sensing technology and has been the source of inspiration for many significant inventions. Building upon the foundation of MEMS cantilever beam accelerometers, this article combines biomimetic theory to propose an integrated MEMS acoustic-vibratory sensing structure that imitates the ear bones of sea turtles. Additionally, a novel acoustic packaging is designed based on the principle of the megaphone. Through simulation analysis, micro-nanofabrication techniques and computer numerical control (CNC) machining, the fabrication and integration of the sensing structure are achieved. Subsequently, an acoustic testing platform is constructed for acoustic testing, and vibration testing is conducted using a vibration exciter. Experimental results demonstrate that the acoustic sensitivity of the MEMS biomimetic sensing structure can reach up to -21.926 V/Pa (re: 1 V/Pa) within the 20-200 Hz range, enabling the detection of periodic heart sound signals. Furthermore, compared to other accelerometers, the proposed biomimetic sensor exhibits significantly improved vibration sensitivity, reaching 5.3 V/g, aligning with the biomimetic mechanism of sea turtle's ear bones. The aforementioned research provides a new solution for low-cost heart sound detection and establishes a foundation for future biomimetic theories and composite sensor technologies.

关键词： sensors Heart Structural beams Ear Accelerometers sensor phenomena and characterization Micromechanical devices Accelerometer biomimetics heart sound auscultation MEMS

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