the electrical behavior of conducting carbon whisker reinforced thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) composites was investigated. The carbon whiskers were produced by a catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVC) process. The...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819417963
the electrical behavior of conducting carbon whisker reinforced thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) composites was investigated. The carbon whiskers were produced by a catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVC) process. The electrical properties of the composite were characterized as a function of temperature and deformation. The electrical resistivity of the composite can be varied by uniaxial deformation and by temperature. The temperature-resistivity studies indicated that the resistivity of these composites were influenced by the glass transition temperature of the TPE. the resistivity v. 1/T curves exhibited two distinctive negative slopes that intersected at the Tg of the elastomer. This as correlated to the Tg of the rigid segments in the TPE as obtained by the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Further, uniaxial deformation studies at room temperature demonstrated that the resistivity increased exponentially with the deformation. Mechanical and electrical properties of the composites indicated that CCVD carbon whiskers can be used to improve the strength and electrical conductivity of TPEs. The change is resistivity (up to 5 orders of magnitude) of the composites with respect to deformation and/or temperature can find use in electromechanical and electrothermal applications.
The goal of this paper is to examine the benefits of integrated control/structure design optimization using covariance control in the presence of saturation limits and performance robustness. A key element of this app...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819417912
The goal of this paper is to examine the benefits of integrated control/structure design optimization using covariance control in the presence of saturation limits and performance robustness. A key element of this approach is the use of a covariance parameterization of the control law, allowing saturation and performance robustness to be easily included. The controller design variables are the elements of the Cholesky decomposition of the closed loop system covariance matrix. Applying the approach to an example from the literature it was found that the total structural mass and the control effort were reduced while output rms for the nominal model was decreased. In addition, the optimizer was also able to meet the performance robustness constraints while reducing the performance robustness control effort measure. In examining the results, it was found that the optimizer judiciously altered the closed-loop system by adding phase between the modal resonance frequencies to improve the overall broad-band performance and to help with improving the robustness of the system.
A one dimensional theory is developed for modeling the analysis of beams containing piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The equation of motion and associated boundary conditions are derived for the vibrations of piez...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819417912
A one dimensional theory is developed for modeling the analysis of beams containing piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The equation of motion and associated boundary conditions are derived for the vibrations of piezoelectrically sensored/actuated beams. The effect of coupling between longitudinal deflection and bending deflection is investigated in the present study. For the practical applications, in accordance with the proposed beam theory, a one-dimensional finite element formulation is presented. Based on the above one dimensional theory, an entire treatment of designing a state feedback control system for the piezoelectrically sensored/actuated beams is also presented. The results show the proposed approach has several advantages.
This conference procedings contain 53 papers. Topics covered on smart sening, processing and instrumentation include: Opotical sensing techniques;electromagnetic and acoustic sensing techniques;optical sensors;digital...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819417939
This conference procedings contain 53 papers. Topics covered on smart sening, processing and instrumentation include: Opotical sensing techniques;electromagnetic and acoustic sensing techniques;optical sensors;digital signal processing techniques;process control applications;materials;and, impact diagnostics.
`Electromechanical bending effect' of thin homogeneous piezoceramic plate in consequence of an uneven thickness polarization is investigated. The distribution of electrical field strength and polarization is deter...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819417912
`Electromechanical bending effect' of thin homogeneous piezoceramic plate in consequence of an uneven thickness polarization is investigated. The distribution of electrical field strength and polarization is determined taking into account the injection of electrons from the cathode. Theoretical and experimental data are compared. Formulas for calculation of the mechanical stresses, strains and electrical field strength in piezoceramic plates and shells are obtained. Engineering method and results of numerical calculation of deflection of a cantilever homogeneous piezoelectric plate are given. The comparison of the calculated and experimental determined deflection of the free end of a cantilever piezoceramic plate can be used for the estimation of the real polarization, which arises in the making of thin piezoelectric samples.
The proceedings contains 26 papers. Following topics are discussed: control of active structures;smartstructures;structural integrity;shape memory alloys;shape memory alloys and local deformations;electroelastic mate...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819417750
The proceedings contains 26 papers. Following topics are discussed: control of active structures;smartstructures;structural integrity;shape memory alloys;shape memory alloys and local deformations;electroelastic materials;and smartstructures and systems.
Infinite or semi-infinite domain problems occur frequently in the modeling of smartstructures. Interaction of fields with complex geometries in conjunction with infinite or semi-infinite domains is modeled by introdu...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819417912
Infinite or semi-infinite domain problems occur frequently in the modeling of smartstructures. Interaction of fields with complex geometries in conjunction with infinite or semi-infinite domains is modeled by introducing a mathematical boundary within which the finite element representation is employed. On the mathematical boundary, the finite element representation is matched with analytical representations in the infinite/semi- infinite domain. The matching has been done with and without slope constraints on the boundary. Drilling degrees of freedom at each of the nodes of the finite element model are introduced to reduce artificial reflection at the mathematical boundary. Of the different methods studied, it was found that a combination of slope constraint and drilling d.o.f. can reduce spurious reflections from the mathematical boundary. Examples involving elastic and acoustic wave scattering by a simple structure in a semi-infinite half space are considered. The method can also be easily applied to electromagnetic field problems.
This paper reviews the progress of an ongoing research program at Thomson-CSF and Bertin & Cie which addresses an optical fiber system dedicated to the assessment of impact induced damages on airborne multilay...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819417939
This paper reviews the progress of an ongoing research program at Thomson-CSF and Bertin & Cie which addresses an optical fiber system dedicated to the assessment of impact induced damages on airborne multilayered structures. The method is based on the use of embedded high birefringence optical fiber sensors and distributed white light interfero-polarimetry. The first part is devoted to the transduction process efficiency within optical fibers depending on the applied force intensity, direction versus the fiber eigen axes and the interaction length. To understand the behavior of these optical fibers and calibrate the detection system, experiments have been conducted on elliptical core fibers, `bow-tie' fibers and side-hole fibers and showed a wide range of available sensitivities. The second step is related to the inclusion of optical fibers in a sandwich structure representative of an airborne dome, and composed of foam between glass/epoxy composite skins. Different designs of grooves in the foam and tube sheathings have been investigated to support and protect the optical fiber. Impacts have been performed on the structure in the 1 to 10 Joules energy range. Experimental impact location and energy measurements have been achieved for a variety of stress fields.
The development of control technology specifically for smartmaterials has lagged substantially behind that of the base materials, transducers and embedding techniques. Still, development of materials with ever- great...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819417963
The development of control technology specifically for smartmaterials has lagged substantially behind that of the base materials, transducers and embedding techniques. Still, development of materials with ever- greater numbers of embedded elements continues, spurred by potential uses that require large arrays of sensors and actuators. No control technology suitable for such large arrays exists, however, and this presents a barrier to future applications. In this paper we report on work aimed at developing and demonstrating technology capable of controlling hundreds or thousands of sensors and actuators embedded in the base material. We have dubbed this the 'KIKO control problem' (Kilo- Input/Kilo-Output) for smartmaterials. This paper focuses on a new multiscale/multirate theory of hierarchical design based on the wavelet transform. In the context of this theory, we develop efficient and highly scalable implementations of control systems using multiprocessor architectures. The paper covers: a description of our multiscale control approach, simulation results on an Euler-Bernoulli beam, and open issues.
Over the past several years Eastman Kodak Company has been developing technologies in the area of active vibration control for space structures. The basic goal is to keep the structure as still as possible during oper...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819417920
Over the past several years Eastman Kodak Company has been developing technologies in the area of active vibration control for space structures. The basic goal is to keep the structure as still as possible during operation using active and/or passive damping and isolation. Inherent in these space structures are many of the qualities that make a system difficult to actively control. They are lightly damped, modally dense, and are sensitive to weight increases, as well as thermal loads that a powered actuator might apply to the structure. Further, any system must be fully space qualifiable. To overcome these hurdles, Kodak has investigated several schemes to apply in a multitier approach to achieve maximum benefit from an active system. This paper will present the theory of operation and test results for one of these technologies called `Self-Sensing Active Vibration Elimination'. We will elaborate on a collocated active damping technique using self-sensing piezo-ceramics. The term `self-sensing' is used to describe the phenomenon of simultaneous actuation and sensing using the same device, in this case piezo- ceramic wafers. This work is an extension of Dosch et al. (1992). The key differences lie in the geometry in which the self-sensor must operate. We parallel the theoretical development given in Dosch et al., but present the development in more of a tutorial form. Research in this area is plentiful, however, less than desirable results have often been reported on systems more complex than a cantilever beam. A strain-rate self-sensor with > 60 dB dynamic range and nano-strain sensitivity in the 10 to 200 Hz frequency band is detailed below, proving that self-sensing can be made to work on large structures. Closed loop results are presented that show performance improvements of over 30 dB reductions in the structural resonance response. It should be mentioned that the system described below could easily be applied to extremely small systems (such as a disk drive
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