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Modeling and control of smart structures with bonded piezoelectric sensors and actuators: A passivity approach

Modeling and control of Smart structures with bonded piezoel...

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smart structures and materials 1994: mathematics and control in smart structures

作者： Akella, Padma Chen, Xin Hughes, Declan Wen, John T. Department of Electrical Computer and Systems Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute TroyNY12180 United States

smart structure has become an increasing common term describing a structure embedded or bonded with a large number of light weight active electro-mechanical sensors and actuators. In this paper, we consider the modeling and control issues related to smart structures bonded with piezoelectric sensors and actuators from the passivity view point. We show that when a piezoelectric patch is used both as an actuator and a sensor, the mapping from the voltage input to current output is passive, which implies that any strictly passive feedback controllers is stabilizing. Issues related to the design of the passive feedback controller with performance optimization and controller order reduction are investigated. © 1994 SPIE.

关键词： Piezoelectricity

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H∞ optimal control of smart structures

H∞ optimal control of smart structures

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smart structures and materials 1994: mathematics and control in smart structures

作者： Lashlee, Robert Rao, Vittal Kern, Frank Department of Electrical Engineering Intelligent Systems Center University of Missouri-Rolla RollaMO65401 United States

The design and implementation of control strategies for large, flexible smart structures presents challenging problems. One of these problem areas is the uncertainty of the natural frequencies of the structure. These uncertainties stem from control structure interaction, modelling errors, and parameter variations (such as fuel consumption). They are important because the natural frequencies of flexible structures tend to be lightly damped and closely spaced. Presently, neither the LQG/LTR controller algorithms nor the H∞ controller algorithms can account directly for natural frequency uncertainties and both algorithms suffer drastic performance degradation in the face of these uncertainties. In order to overcome this problem, we developed a new algorithm called H∞ robust control for natural frequency variations (H∞/NF) that includes the knowledge of the natural frequency uncertainty bounds. In addition, we were successful in implementing this algorithm on a flexible smart structure in our laboratory. This smart structure was a cantilever beam that used NiTiNOL shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators. The performance of H∞NF algorithm was compared with the modified LQG/LTR algorithm using a settling time specification. The H∞/NF controller exhibited dramatically reduced sensitivity to natural frequency uncertainty as compared to the modified LQG/LTR controller. An additional problem area when dealing with smart structures is the limited control effort available from actuators. The standard LQG/LTR control algorithm produced controllers that saturated the NiTiNOL actuators used on the test article. To overcome this saturation problem, we used a modified LQG/LTR design algorithm. Because the initial H∞/NF algorithm did not allow the designer to specify available controller effort, we extended the results by including a control effort cost penalty in the H∞/NF algorithm. This algorithm couples a control effort penalty with the H∞/NF algorithm allowing the designer a trade-of

关键词： Natural frequencies

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Theoretical and experimental studies of distributed piezoelectric actuators for interior noise control

Theoretical and experimental studies of distributed piezoele...

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smart structures and materials 1994: mathematics and control in smart structures

作者： Sun, J.Q. Norris, M.A. Rossetti, D.J. Highfill, J.H. Lord Corporation Thomas Lord Research Center 405 Gregson Drive CaryNC27511 United States

A special design theory for distributed piezoelectric actuators is introduced, for reducing noise and vibration in structures. A uniform cylindrical shell is taken as an example of a host structure to illustrate the effectiveness of the design theory. The actuators are designed to reduce the shell structural vibration and interior noise in a wide range of frequencies, for cases where the input disturbance is tonal. Extensive computer simulations were completed to study various aspects of the design theory. In addition, experiments were conducted and the test results strongly supported the theoretical development. © 1994 SPIE.

关键词： Piezoelectric actuators

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Parametric control of structural vibrations via piezoelectric materials shunted with adaptive circuits

Parametric control of structural vibrations via piezoelectri...

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smart structures and materials 1994: mathematics and control in smart structures

作者： Wang, K.W. Yu, W.K. Lai, J.S. Mechanical Engineering Department Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States

A new structural vibration control concept, using piezoelectric materials shunted with real-time adaptable electrical networks, has been developed. The variable resistance and inductance in an external RL circuit are used as control inputs. Novel energy-based parametric control schemes are created to reduce the total system energy (the main structure mechanical energy plus the electrical-mechanical energy of the piezoelectric material and electrical circuit) while minimizing the energy flowing into the main structure. The performances of the controllers are examined through computer simulations on a beam example. It is shown that the structure energy level and vibration amplitude can be suppressed effectively. © 1994 SPIE.

关键词： Piezoelectric materials

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Solution of nonlinear optimal control problems using modified hopfield neural networks

Solution of nonlinear optimal control problems using modifie...

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smart structures and materials 1994: mathematics and control in smart structures

作者： Stech, Daniel J. Frank J. Seiler Laboratory U.S. Air Force Academy CO United States

Solution of nonlinear optimal control problems on analog parallel networks is proposed. Recurrent neural networks whose dynamic equations have a Lyapunov function are developed. Such circuits relax to an equilibrium which is the minimum of the Lyapunov function. Nonlinear optimal control problems are formulated in terms of a Lyapunov function and thus are solved using the recurrent networks. Convergence for linear and nonlinear classes of problems is considered. The method is demonstrated by developing and simulating a network to solve a nonlinear vibration problem. Simulation results demonstrate solution times are accurate and extremely fast. Solution times are shown to be independent of the size of the problem. © 1994 SPIE.

关键词： Lyapunov functions

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smart dynamic system design: An integrated approach

Smart dynamic system design: An integrated approach

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smart structures and materials 1994: mathematics and control in smart structures

作者： Carpenter, M.J. Skelton, R.E. Space Systems Control Laboratory 1293 Potter Engineering Center Purdue University West LafayetteIN47907-1293 United States

A dynamic system with satisfactory performance generally consists of a mechanical system (the plant) and a controller that drives the mechanical system to meet certain performance requirements. Traditionally the control engineer designs the controller only after the plant design is completed. This two-step approach to plant and controller design does not provide the best system design because the dynamics of the plant and the dynamics of the controller often oppose each other. An integrated design unifies the disciplines of structure design and controller design to achieve control performance objectives that might not otherwise be achieved by the two-step design process. This paper presents an application of the iterative system equivalent optimal mix algorithm to perform a smart design of a nine-member truss substructure and its accompanying controller. The objective of the design algorithm is to reduce the amount of energy used by the controller to maintain control performance, subject to the structure design constraints. Two unique features of the algorithm are that each iteration of the design problem is stated as a convex quadratic programming problem, and the control effort monotonically convergences to its final value. © 1994 SPIE.

关键词： controllers

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Distributed fuzzy control of a flexible structure

Distributed fuzzy control of a flexible structure

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smart structures and materials 1994: mathematics and control in smart structures

作者： Wiegand, James R. Helferty, John J. Temple University Department of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering PhiladelphiaPA19122 United States

This paper details the design and implementation of a fuzzy controller for the ASTREX flexible space structure model. The novel control strategy is the first attempt to apply fuzzy logic to the feedback control of a large scale structure system. The ASTREX system at Edwards Air Force Base consists of three flexible trusses, joined to a flexible base system and culminating in a line-of-sight positioning instrument, smart control of each truss is accomplished by three axial piezoelectric actuators on each truss, and six bending sensors. Two sensors are grouped with each actuator, in colocated and nearly colocated positions. control system design procedure is detailed. The open-loop system is simulated to determine the appropriate universes of discourse for the input fuzzy membership functions. Output magnitude of the controller is determined by the dynamic range of piezoelectric actuators. The architectural design of fuzzy logic controllers is currently an open issue. There exist many different forms of fuzzy logic controllers, and the performance characteristics of each type can not generally be determined a priori. Results of preliminary investigations into the type of fuzzy logic controller necessary for efficient control of flexible structures are shown using simulations involving partial models of one beam of the ASTREX flexible satellite. © 1994 SPIE.

关键词： Flexible structures

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Adaptive processing for non-contact inductive smart structure sensor interrogation system using hierarchical neural networks

Adaptive processing for non-contact inductive smart structur...

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smart structures and materials 1994: mathematics and control in smart structures

作者： Spillman, W.B. Durkee, S. Kuhns, W.W. BFGoodrich Aerospace Division Simmonds Precision Aircraft Systems VergennesVT05491 United States

A method of non-contact interrogation of electronic and opto-electronic systems embedded within composite materials has been recently demonstrated. The method is based upon inductive coupling between external and embedded coils etched on thin electronic circuit cards. Measurements at two frequencies allow the coil separation and the value of an electrical parameter of interest to be determined. An investigation into the practicality of utilizing neural processing to calculate these parameters was carried out. The final system utilized a hierarchical architecture of three neural networks combined with an adaptive measurement of voltage at a frequency determined by the coil separation calculated by one of the neural networks. The system was implemented using custom electronics and a PC laptop computer. A description of the design process is given together with system performance parameters. © 1994 SPIE.

关键词： Inductive sensors

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Inductive learning method for control of intelligent structures

Inductive learning method for control of intelligent structu...

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smart structures and materials 1994: mathematics and control in smart structures

作者： Pascoe, James W. Robertshaw, Harry H. Kiel, David H. Department of Mechanical Engineering Center for Intelligent Materials Systems and Structures Virginia Polytechnic Institute State University BlacksburgVA24061 United States SIECOR Corporation P.O. Box 489 HickoryNC28603-0489 United States

An inductive learning method is used for online control of a structure. The controller has the benefit of being designed without the need for a system model and is able to adapt to varying system parameters. The learning method is empirical in nature where the trials and errors of the controller generate a stimulus-response function which is used to improve the performance of the system. Numerical experiments were performed with the Quantized Inductive Learning (QIL) algorithm on simple linear systems and a simulation of a simply supported aluminum beam. In both cases, the algorithm controlled the dynamic response of the system from an arbitrary initial condition. The QIL algorithm learned the control function without access to the computer model. Other issues associated with the development of this algorithm were examined concurrently. The effects of various performance indices, varying the sampling periods, and changing the levels of quantizations were determined and evaluated. In addition, QIL was used to reject sinusoidal disturbances on these systems. Finally a comparison of the QIL algorithm with state feedback was made to compare the effectiveness of this method with a standard model-based approach. © 1994 SPIE.

关键词： controllers

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Manipulations of dynamic response data for use in inductive learning methods to identify damage

Manipulations of dynamic response data for use in inductive ...

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smart structures and materials 1994: mathematics and control in smart structures

作者： Tappert, Peter M. Robertshaw, Harry H. Department of Mechanical Engineering Center for Intelligent Materials Systems and Structures Virginia Polytechnic Institute State University BlacksburgVA24061 United States

Various dynamic response data manipulations are presented as part of the ongoing process of developing a complete, model-independent, inductive learning, damage identification method. Dynamic response data, which consist of spatial and temporal information, are verified to be dependent on changes in physical properties of a structure (i.e. mass, stiffness, damping, damage). Simulated experiments were performed on a 500mm X 600mm X 3mm steel plate with simply-supported boundary conditions. As a method to test the procedure, a point mass was added to the model in various locations of the structure. Using an array of sensors and a piezoelectric actuator, impulse-response functions and frequency-response functions were determined for the entire domain of sensor-actuator pairs. These impulse-response functions and frequency response functions of different sensor-actuator pairs were input into an inductive algorithm. Inductive learning methods require definitions of a dependent variable, independent variables, and specific examples. Using piecewise manipulations of the forementioned functions and repeated data acquisition (to take into random transduction errors), these definitions were specified. An automated damage identification method incorporating the use of inductive learning is presented and shown to be successful. © 1994 SPIE.

关键词： Frequency response

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