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A 47.14-$\mu\text{W}$ 200-MHz MOS/MTJ-Hybrid Nonvolatile Microcontroller Unit Embedding STT-MRAM and FPGA for IoT applications

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IEEE JOURNAL OF solid-state CIRCUITS 2019年第11期54卷 2991-3004页

作者： Natsui, Masanori Suzuki, Daisuke Tamakoshi, Akira Watanabe, Toshinari Honjo, Hiroaki Koike, Hiroki Nasuno, Takashi Ma, Yitao Tanigawa, Takaho Noguchi, Yasuo Yasuhira, Mitsuo Sato, Hideo Ikeda, Shoji Ohn, Hideo Endoh, Tetsuo Hanyu, Takahiro Tohoku Univ Res Inst Elect Commun Lab Brainware Syst Sendai Miyagi 9808577 Japan Tohoku Univ Ctr Spintron Integrated Syst Sendai Miyagi 9808577 Japan Tohoku Univ Ctr Innovat Integrated Elect Syst Sendai Miyagi 9808577 Japan Tohoku Univ Res Inst Elect Commun Sendai Miyagi 9808577 Japan Tohoku Univ Ctr Innovat Integrated Elect Syst Sendai Miyagi 9808572 Japan Tohoku Univ Ctr Spintron Integrated Syst Grad Sch Engn Sendai Miyagi 9808572 Japan Tohoku Univ Ctr Spintron Integrated Syst Sendai Miyagi 9808572 Japan Tohoku Univ Ctr Spintron Res Network Sendai Miyagi 9808572 Japan Tohoku Univ Res Inst Elect Commun Sendai Miyagi 9808572 Japan Tohoku Univ WPI Adv Inst Mat Res Sendai Miyagi 9808577 Japan Tohoku Univ Ctr Spintron Res Network Sendai Miyagi 9808577 Japan Tohoku Univ Grad Sch Engn Sendai Miyagi 9808572 Japan

The demand for energy-efficient, high-performance microcontroller units (MCUs) for the use in power-supply-critical Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensor-node applications has witnessed a substantial increase. In response, research concerning the development of several low-power-consuming MCUs has been actively pursued. The performance level of such MCUs, however, has not been sufficient, thereby rendering them non-feasible for the use in IoT sensor-node applications that process a large number of received signals immediately followed by extraction of valuable information from them to limit data transferred to a data center. To realize next-generation IoT systems based on intelligent sensor-node application, ultra-low-power high-performance MCUs need to be developed. This paper presents an ultra-low-power-consuming and high-performance MCU configuration based on the spintronics device technology, using which all modules are non-volatilized, and any wasteful power consumption is eliminated by controlling the power supplied independently to each module. By incorporating a reconfigurable accelerator module, for performing various signal-processing procedures in sensor-node applications, and a memory controller, which can speed up the entire system by relaxing the data-transfer bottleneck of logic and memory, the proposed MCU configuration achieves ultra-low power consumption and high-speed operation. As confirmed by the results obtained via measurements performed on a fabricated chip, the proposed MCU design, on average, consumed 47.14 $\mu \text{W}$ power at an operating frequency of 200 MHz. This corresponds to the world's highest signal-processing performance and energy efficiency of highly functional IoT sensor nodes powered by harvested energy

关键词： Nonvolatile memory Spintronics Performance evaluation Magnetic tunneling Central Processing Unit Memory management Standards Energy harvesting field-programmable gate arrays Internet of Things magnetic tunnel junction microcontroller unit (MCU) spin-transfer-torque magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM)

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A research port test bed based on distributed optical sensors and sensor fusion framework for ad hoc situational awareness

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JOURNAL OF sensorS AND sensor SYSTEMS 2017年第1期6卷 37-52页

作者： Ruessmeier, Nick Hahn, Axel Nicklas, Daniela Zielinski, Oliver Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg Inst Chem & Biol Marine Environm D-26382 Wilhelmshaven Germany Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg Dept Comp Sci D-26129 Oldenburg Germany Univ Bamberg Fac Informat Syst & Appl Comp Sci D-96045 Bamberg Germany

Maritime study sites utilized as a physical experimental test bed for sensor data fusion, communication technology and data stream analysis tools can provide substantial frameworks for design and development of e-navigation technologies. Increasing safety by observation and monitoring of the maritime environment by new technologies meets forward-looking needs to facilitate situational awareness. Further, such test beds offer a solid basis for standardizing new technologies to advance growth by reducing "time to market" of up-to-date industrial products and technologies. Especially optical sensor technologies are well suited to provide a situational and marine environmental assessment of waterways for ( i) online detection of relevant situations, ( ii) collection of data for further analysis and ( iii) reuse of data, e.g. for training or testing of assistant systems. The test bed set-up has to consider maintainability, flexibility and extensibility for efficient test set-ups. This means that new use cases and applications within the test bed infrastructure, here presented by a research port, can be easily developed and extended by installing new sensors, actuators and software components. Furthermore, the system supports reliable remote communication between onshore and offshore participants. A series of in situ experiments at the research port of Bremerhaven and in other maritime environments were performed, representing applications and scenarios to demonstrate the capability for the proposed system framework and design.

关键词： Application programs

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Thin-film microsensors for high-temperature gas detection arrays

Thin-film microsensors for high-temperature gas detection ar...

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作者： Ward, Benjamin James Case Western Reserve University

学位级别：Ph.D.

Improvements in the control of engine and power generator exhausts, fire detection, and environmental monitoring can be achieved through the development of improved sensing methods. This study focused on the development of high temperature gas sensor arrays for use in these applications. sensors based on metal oxide resistors, specifically variations of tin oxide resistors and electrochemical cells were produced using microfabrication and micromachining techniques. The use of these techniques resulted in small, rugged sensors which can be produced in a repeatable manner. These sensors were designed to be usable in high temperature engine exhaust streams, but can be used in a wide range of environments due to the integration of a heater and temperature detector on chip for temperature control. Tin oxide thin films were deposited using a sol-gel technique. Three types of tin oxide sensing films were studied, including undoped tin oxide, platinum doped tin oxide, and a copper surface treated (by dip coating) tin oxide. These devices showed very different sensitivities to test gases in laboratory calibrations and were tested in several exhaust and fire-simulation systems. Two types of electrochemical cell devices were studied, including yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) for oxygen detection and a NASICON (sodium super ionic conductor)/sodium carbonate system for carbon dioxide detection. These sensors were operated in amperometric, diffusion limited mode. Both were produced on a generic “platform” for solid state, amperometric electrochemical microsensors. Laboratory testing showed sensitivity of these sensors to the gases of interest. Three separate designs of the YSZ sensor were investigated. Output currents on the order of 30 nA in nitrogen and 80 nA in air were noted. The diffusion barrier was not optimum for the desired linear change in output current compared to oxygen concentration. The NASICON based sensor included the novel processing step of electron beam evapo

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development and Prototyping of the DEPFET Active Pixel Detector (June 2013)

Development and Prototyping of the DEPFET Active Pixel Detec...

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3rd International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation, Measurement Methods and their applications (ANIMMA)

作者： Scheirich, J. Charles Univ Prague Fac Math & Phys Inst Particle & Nucl Phys Prague 18000 Czech Republic

ISBN: (纸本)9781479910465;9781479910472

Active pixel sensor composed of DEPFETs (DEPleted Field Effect Transistors) array has been developed by DEPFET collaboration. The concept of DEPFET was proposed by Kemmer and Lutz in 1987 and today, it was developed into state-of-the-art highly granular, ultra-transparent monolithic pixel detectors for vertex reconstruction at future collider experiments. Excellent signal over noise performance is provided by integration of a MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Transistor) in each pixel, which works as the first amplification stage of readout electronics. Thinning technologies make it possible to manufacture DEPFET sensors with thickness of active sensor area 50-75 micrometers. Steering ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) as well as test systems were developed to characterize and optimize the DEPFET sensors. The DEPFET detector is being developed as a vertex detector at Belle ii experiment at the electron-positron SuperKEKB collider in Japan and the future International Linear Collider, but the concept of the DEPFET sensor offers also other fields of applications. In this paper the key parameters of the sensor design are presented, together with the individual ASICs. Furthermore, results of the prototypes tested using radioactive source, and laser are shown.

关键词： Front-end electronics for detector readout Detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers, sources, particle-beams) solid state detectors

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Quasianalog accelerometer using microswitch array

Quasianalog accelerometer using microswitch array

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8th International Conference on solid-state sensors and Actuators (Eurosensors IX)

作者： Noetzel, J Tonnesen, T Benecke, W Binder, J Mader, G SIEMENS AG AUTOMOT SYST GRP D-93049 REGENSBURG GERMANY

This paper describe the development of a quasianalog accelerometer which uses an array of acceleration switches. The investigations are based on results or fabricated and evaluated single-microswitch sensors. The new acceleration sensor concept combines the advantage of high EMI immunity and simple signal pre-conditioning circuitry. Important characteristics of the laterally moving cantilevers, such as resonance frequency and switching time, can he determined by a single mask. First test devices have been fabricated by the use of a special sacrificial-layer additive technology. This Microform technology combines UV patterning of very thick photoresist layers and moulding of the resulting patterns by electroplated metals. This technology is used for the fabrication of laterally driven microswitches, each having a different acceleration threshold. tinder an applied acceleration, the cantilever beam deflects laterally and closes a contact with an electrode. With an electrode on each side of the cantilever, two directions of acceleration can be measured. A simulation model has been developed which enables the design of quasianalog sensors for different applications. Different layouts are created to investigate the basic characteristics. The simulation results are verified on a shaker using the fabricated lest structures of a single-microswitch sensor.

关键词： accelerometers arrays microswitches

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2014 IEEE sensors applications Symposium, SAS 2014 - Proceedings

2014 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, SAS 2014 - Proceed...

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2014 9th IEEE sensors applications Symposium, SAS 2014

ISBN: (纸本)9781479921805

The proceedings contain 73 papers. The topics discussed include: wide-slot antenna for breast imaging applications;measurement uncertainties in differential radar applied to breast imaging;contactless determination of gas concentration and pressure based on a low jitter mmWave FMC radar;development of a frequency-shifted feedback fiber laser at 777.5 nm for range sensing applications;2-D vector field visualization of corrosion in a small-bore piping system using bobbin-type integrated hall and GMR sensors arrays;non-destructive evaluation of far-side corrosion around the multi-layered rivet by using the solid-state hall sensor array;modeling, quantification, optimization - energy efficiency in distributed, embedded systems;and energy efficient handling of big data in embedded, wireless sensor networks.

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A universal 3D imaging sensor on a silicon photonics platform

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NATURE 2021年第7845期590卷 256-261页

作者： Rogers, Christopher Piggott, Alexander Y. Thomson, David J. Wiser, Robert F. Opris, Ion E. Fortune, Steven A. Compston, Andrew J. Gondarenko, Alexander Meng, Fanfan Chen, Xia Reed, Graham T. Nicolaescu, Remus Pointcloud Inc San Francisco CA 94107 USA Univ Southampton Optoelect Res Ctr Southampton Hants England Opris Consulting San Jose CA USA

A compact, high-performance silicon photonics-based light detection and ranging system for three-dimensional imaging is developed that should be amenable to low-cost mass manufacturing Accurate three-dimensional (3D) imaging is essential for machines to map and interact with the physical world(1,2). Although numerous 3D imaging technologies exist, each addressing niche applications with varying degrees of success, none has achieved the breadth of applicability and impact that digital image sensors have in the two-dimensional imaging world(3-10). A large-scale two-dimensional array of coherent detector pixels operating as a light detection and ranging system could serve as a universal 3D imaging platform. Such a system would offer high depth accuracy and immunity to interference from sunlight, as well as the ability to measure the velocity of moving objects directly(11). Owing to difficulties in providing electrical and photonic connections to every pixel, previous systems have been restricted to fewer than 20 pixels(12-15). Here we demonstrate the operation of a large-scale coherent detector array, consisting of 512 pixels, in a 3D imaging system. Leveraging recent advances in the monolithic integration of photonic and electronic circuits, a dense array of optical heterodyne detectors is combined with an integrated electronic readout architecture, enabling straightforward scaling to arbitrarily large arrays. Two-axis solid-state beam steering eliminates any trade-off between field of view and range. Operating at the quantum noise limit(16,17), our system achieves an accuracy of 3.1 millimetres at a distance of 75 metres when using only 4 milliwatts of light, an order of magnitude more accurate than existing solid-state systems at such ranges. Future reductions of pixel size using state-of-the-art components could yield resolutions in excess of 20 megapixels for arrays the size of a consumer camera sensor. This result paves the way for the development and proliferati

关键词： Electrical and electronic engineering Imaging and sensing Integrated optics Nanophotonics and plasmonics

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One-pot synthesis of copper nanoparticles on glass: applications for non-enzymatic glucose detection and catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

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JOURNAL OF solid state ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2019年第2期23卷 503-512页

作者： Yadav, Hemraj Mahipati Lee, Jae-Joon Dongguk Univ Dept Energy & Mat Engn Res Ctr Photoenergy Harvesting & Convers Technol Seoul 04620 South Korea

Thin film of metallic Cu nanoparticles was synthesized by a one-pot chemical reduction method at ambient temperature. Cu(ii) acetate monohydrate and hydrazine monohydrate were used as precursor and reducing agent without additional surfactants to form uniform layer of Cu nanoparticle layer on a glass substrate (Cu/G). The XRD and the effectiveness of the electrocatalytic and catalytic properties of the Cu/G have been applied for an amperometric detection of glucose and for the chemical reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The former exhibited the detection limit as low as 2.47M with a linear range of 0.01-0.2mM, while the latter showed the efficient catalytic activity with a high rate constant of 0.503/min. The current method suggested in this work might be useful for the fabrication of glass-based Cu nanoparticles electrodes for industrial and biomedical applications.

关键词： Copper nanoparticles Electrochemical sensor Hydrogenation reaction Glucose 4-Nitrophenol

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Computationally Efficient Gas Identification with Quantitative Feedback for Electronic Nose applications

Computationally Efficient Gas Identification with Quantitati...

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作者： Hassan, Muhammad Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Hong Kong)

学位级别：Ph.D.

Artificial olfactory systems, referred to as electronic nose systems, have been developed to mimic the functionality of the mammalian olfactory system, in which odorant receptors play a key role to transform odor molecules into electrical spikes, through olfactory transduction. Odor information is encoded in these spike patterns, which are processed by the brain to identify and quantify tens of thousands of odors. Research efforts to obtain a similar performance between electronic olfaction and its biological counterpart, have been focused on two fronts. The first deals with the fabrication of miniaturized sensor arrays to replicate the functionality of odorant receptors, while the second targets the development of algorithms with a potentially equivalent level of odor identification performance to that of the brain. Miniaturized sensor arrays are now feasible due to the great advancement in fabrication and characterization techniques of sensing materials in recent decade. But, state-of-the-art pattern recognition algorithms, on the other hand, are mostly investigated for odor classification. Although, these algorithms perform well, a low power and portable electronic nose system remains a challenge due to the algorithmics complexity and its computationally intensive nature. Moreover, field deployment of electronic nose systems is another issue given the fact that these algorithms require manually tuning of many parameters as well as the requirement for sensors’calibration. We follow two different approaches to dealing with the challenges of developing odor identification algorithms with high accuracy, namely (i) a closed-form solution for electronic nose systems and (ii) quantitative feedback and hardware friendly implementation. One utilizes recent experimental findings about odor identification in the mammalian olfactory system, and the other focuses on some state-of-art pattern recognition algorithms to meet these challenges. In all these classifiers, we transfo

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Micro fiber optic sensor interrogation system for aerospace applications

Micro fiber optic sensor interrogation system for aerospace ...

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Micro-Nano-technology for Aerospace applications, CANEUS2006

作者： Xiao, Gao Zhi Mrad, Nezih Institute for Microstructrual Science National Research Council M-50 1200 Montreal Road Ottawa Ont. K1A 0R6 Canada Department of National Defence Air Vehicles Research Section National Defence Headquarters Ottawa Ont. K1A 0R6 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)0791837874

The emerging field of microsystems technology is enabling the innovative development of a micro optical fiber interrogation system for potential integration into air platforms structural health monitoring and management capabilities. Our efforts in such development is based on micron size optical waveguides using arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) based demultiplexer for highly multiplexed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor arrays. In this document, a proposed system concept, its operating principle and proposed interrogation methodology are presented. Initial results demonstrate the ability of the system to obtain measurement resolution of 1 pm or better (equivalent to 0.1°C for temperature sensing) and response time as short as two milli-second. Owing to the small size and ruggedness of AWG, it is potentially feasible to fabricate an all solid state (no moving parts), palm size, robust and high-resolution interrogation system that responds to air platform requirements. Copyright © 2006 by ASME.

关键词： Fiber optic sensors

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