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Conference on Penetrating Radiation Systems and applications iiI

作者： Parnham, K Grosholz, J Davis, RK Vydrin, S Cupec, CA II VI Inc Ev Prod Saxonburg PA 16056 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819442224

The interest in the use of CdZnTe room-temperature, solid-state detectors for Nuclear Medicine applications continues to grow. Efforts are underway at several companies and institutes to develop CdZnTe detector systems to compete with existing scintillator-based Large Field of View (LFOV) gamma cameras. eV PRODUCTS is focusing on the development of Small Field of View (SFOV) gamma cameras using monolithic CdZnTe detector arrays coupled to custom designed, low noise analog read-out electronics. Electronic noise in the ASIC's has been minimized, and is typically less than 100 e rms (OpF). The detector readout system has the capability to perform automatic energy calibration, gain setting and discrimator level setting, along with a comprehensive self-diagnostic routine. The complete integrated unit includes a bias voltage generator, counters and communication control. A first prototype 256-channel device has been developed and constructed, with pixel dimensions of 1.8 x 1.8 mm(2), on a 34 x 34 x 5mm3 monolithic CdZnTe detector. Results obtained from this system will be presented, showing both the energy resolution and uniformity data for several arrays. The energy resolution has been demonstrated to be 3-5% FWHM @ 140 keV, with photopeak efficiencies of 70-80%.

关键词： CdZnTe small field of view gamma camera ASIC energy resolution photopeak efficiency

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Type-ii superlattices - a promising material for space applications

Type-II superlattices - a promising material for space appli...

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International Conference on Space Optics (ICSO)

作者： Daumer, V. Rutz, F. Woerl, A. Niemasz, J. Mueller, R. Stadelmann, T. Rehm, R. Fraunhofer Inst Appl Solid State Phys IAF Tullastr 72 D-79108 Freiburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781510630772

Type-ii superlattices (T2SLs) are currently recognized as the sole material system offering comparable performance to HgCdTe, yet providing higher operability, stability over time, spatial uniformity, scalability to larger formats, producibility and affordability. Hence, T2SL technology is very promising for space applications. Fraunhofer IAF played a vital role in the development of iiI-As/Sb T2SLs right from the beginning. Mono- and bi-spectral focal plane arrays up to 640x512 pixels for the mid- and long-wavelength infrared (IR) have been demonstrated. The growth of T2SL is performed by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) in multi-wafer reactors. We report on the excellent homogeneity and reproducibility of the growth process, established in the past years at Fraunhofer IAF. After processing this material to detector arrays, the T2SL detectors have been characterized down to low temperatures (below 40K) with promising properties regarding the dark current. For MWIR and LWIR detectors the resolution limit of the measurement setup with a dark current density of 2x10(-10) A/cm(2) has been reached at 77 K and 36 K, respectively.

关键词： MWIR LWIR InAs/GaSb type-ii superlattice T2SL molecular beam epitaxy MBE

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Design and Implementation of QCM Virtual Sensing Schemes for Analyses of Volatile Organic Compounds

Design and Implementation of QCM Virtual Sensing Schemes for...

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作者： Nicholas Colby Speller Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

学位级别：博士

sensor arrays have evolved as powerful approaches for providing detection and discrimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as required across numerous analytical applications. Such systems typically comprise a number of cross reactive sensor elements, which generate analyte specific response patterns upon exposure to VOCs, and are known as multisensor arrays. When evaluated using statistical methods, these response patterns facilitate classification of VOCs. As an alternative, a single dynamically operated sensor could also be used to generate analyte specific response patterns. This approach is known as a virtual sensor array (VSA) and can exhibit significant advantages when compared to MSAs. Some advantages include lower power consumption, sensor drift, material cost, and experimental preparatory time. Furthermore, several dynamically operated sensors could be used in tandem (using the MSA and VSA scheme in a complementary fashion) to fabricate virtual multisensor arrays (V-MSAs). Such systems would exhibit greater data density than either the MSA or VSA, and are promising for samples that are particularly challenging to discriminate. Among the various systems utilized for VOC discrimination, sorption based systems hold considerable promise because they are simple and inexpensive yet highly effective. This dissertation is focused on the development of array sensing schemes using ionic liquids (ILs), a group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS), and binary blends of either IL or GUMBOS with polymer as recognition elements and the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as the transducer. Towards this end, ILs, which are defined as organic salts with melting points below 100 °C, and group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) which extend the melting range of ILs to 250 °C to encompass similar solid phase salts, were used to design the first examples of QCM based VSAs, and V-MSAs, for pure VOC and complex mixture analyses. Furthermore

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The development of 3^rd Gen IR Detectors at AIM

The Development of 3<SUP>rd</SUP> Gen IR Detectors at AIM

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Conference on Infrared Technology and applications XXXVii

作者： Ziegler, J. Eich, D. Mahlein, M. Schallenberg, T. Scheibner, R. Wendler, J. Wenisch, J. Wollrab, R. Daumer, V. Rehm, R. Rutz, F. Walther, M. AIM Infrarot Module GmbH Theresienstr 2 D-74072 Heilbronn Germany Fraunhofer Inst Appl Solid State Phys D-79108 Freiburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780819485861

3rd generation IR modules - dual-color (DC), dual-band (DB), and large format two-dimensional arrays - require sophisticated production technologies such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) as well as new array processing techniques, which can satisfy the rising demand for increasingly complex device structures and low cost detectors. AIM will extend its future portfolio by high performance devices which make use of these techniques. The DC MW / MW detectors are based on antimonide type-ii superlattices (produced by MBE at Fraunhofer IAF, Freiburg) in the 384x288 format with a 40 mu m pitch. For AIM, the technology of choice for MW / LW DB FPAs is MCT MBE on CdZnTe substrates, which has been developed in cooperation with IAF, Freiburg. 640x512, 20 mu m pitch Focal Plane arrays (FPAs) have been processed at AIM. The growth of MW MCT MBE layers on alternate substrates is challenging, but essential for competitive fabrication of large two-dimensional arrays such as megapixel (MW 1280x1024, 15 mu m pitch) FPAs. This paper will present the development status and latest results of the above-mentioned 3rd Gen FPAs and Integrated Detector Cooler Assemblies (IDCAs).

关键词： Infrared detectors 3rd generation detectors HgCdTe MCT dual color dual band MW / LW megapixel MBE antimonide type-ii superlattices T2SL

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SwissSPAD2/3: a family of natively digital, time gated SPAD cameras with continuous streaming at up to 100 kpfs and picosecond system-level synchronization for quantum imaging applications 2

SwissSPAD2/3: a family of natively digital, time gated SPAD ...

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Quantum Sensing, Imaging, and Precision Metrology ii 2024

作者： Mos, Paul Wayne, Michel A. Ardelean, Andrei Ulku, Arin C. Charbon, Edoardo Bruschini, Claudio Rue de la Maladière 71b NeuchâtelCH-2002 Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781510670846

The SwissSPAD2/3 camera family is based on quarter megapixel single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) time gated imagers. The 16.38-µm low-noise pixels feature a single-bit memory and built-in all-solid-state nanosecond time gating without the need for external image intensifiers. Microlenses have also been made available to increase the overall system sensitivity, including for high NA applications. SwissSPAD2/3 are coupled to FPGA platforms enabling a virtually noiseless streaming at up to 100 kpfs. A 1-bit accumulation of frames to reconfigurable number of bits was programmed on the FPGA for applications such as fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). In other applications, a burst-mode read-out of 130,000 binary frames to a DDD3 memory of one sensor half was programmed on one FPGA for applications requiring full bitplanes. These initial configurations were extended to dual-FPGA systems capable of streaming data at near 100 kfps in continuous mode for long acquisition times. In such configuration one FPGA streams data from one sensor half to the other FPGA, which then sends the combined data stream to a host PC over PCIe at up to 3 GB/s. The eight PCIe lanes require careful design with differential routing and controlled impedance and the whole development presented significant hardware and firmware challenges. We also achieved full synchronization of two SwissSPAD2 camera systems over PCIe and characterized the pixel-to-pixel exposure timing alignment error to better than 150 ps with a time gate of 10 ns. The resulting platforms are unique enablers for quantum imaging applications, such as plenoptic maging, quantum LIDAR or quanta burst photography. © 2024 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA)

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High resolution linear arrays

High resolution linear arrays

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solid-state Imagers and Their applications 1985

作者： Bosiers, Jan Vermeiren, Jan Sevenhans, Jan Interuniversity Microelectronics Center kapeldreef 75 LeuvenB3050 Belgium Sachs-Freeman Associates Inc BowieMD20715 United States

This paper describes the methodology, which is used in IMEC for the realization of very high resolution linear image sensors. The key elements in design and processing are the use of the DEPLI-sensor principle, a quadrilinear read-out approach and the use of p-p+ epimaterial. The feasibility of these principles are demonstrated on devices with a pitch of 8,6,5 and 4 urn and with a number of pixels ranging from BOO to 4096. A standard triple poly, buried channel process is used for the fabrication of the devices. A charge transfer inefficiency of better than 1.E-5 is measured and a data rate of over 5 MHz can be achieved. The dark current is less than 2 nA/cm2, the responsivity equals 0.36 A/W at 700 nm wavelength and the non-uniformity is less than ± 5 % for all sensor types. © 1986 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Charge transfer

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Enhanced butanone chemoresistive sensor utilizing cobalt oxide nanoparticles

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CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL 2024年第15期50卷 27147-27153页

作者： Zito, Cecilia A. Theodoro, Reinaldo S. Perfecto, Tarcisio M. de Sa, Bruna S. Vioto, Gabriel C. N. Volanti, Diogo P. Sao Paulo State Univ Unesp Lab Mat Sustainabil LabMatSus Ibilce BR-15054000 S J Rio Preto SP Brazil Brazilian Corp Agr Res EMBRAPA BR-13560970 Sao Paulo Brazil Univ Hamburg Inst Nanostruct & Solid State Phys Ctr Hybrid Nanostruct CHyN Luruper Chaussee 149 D-22761 Hamburg Germany Brazilian Ctr Res Energy & Mat CNPEM Brazilian Nanotechnol Natl Lab BR-13083970 Campinas SP Brazil

Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly 2-butanone, has become crucial due to their widespread use and associated risks to human health. In this study, we present a novel synthesis method for spinel Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) employing a microwave-assisted hydrothermal approach followed by calcination and investigate their efficiency in VOC sensing applications. The Co 3 O 4 NPs exhibit remarkable sensitivity and selectivity towards butanone at relatively low operating temperatures. VOC-sensing experiments reveal an optimal operating temperature of 250 degrees C , showcasing an advantage over existing sensors. Notably, the sensor exhibits high selectivity for butanone, with signal values 1.6 -4.5 times higher than those for other VOCs, including acetaldehyde, ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, acetone, m-xylene, toluene, and benzene. Additionally, the Co 3 O 4 NPs-based sensor demonstrates high sensitivity, detecting concentrations as low as 5 ppm of butanone, with fast response/recovery times of 41/86 s for 200 ppm of butanone and robust long-term stability. These findings underscore the potential of Co 3 O 4 NPs as promising candidates for low-temperature butanone detection, which is essential for environmental and human health monitoring purposes.

关键词： Methyl ethyl ketone Cobalt(ii iiI) oxide Gas sensor Low-temperature p-type

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New infrared sensors for ballistic missile defense

New infrared sensors for ballistic missile defense

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Conference on Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices ii

作者： Tidrow, MZ Missile Def Agcy Adv Syst Washington DC 20301 USA

ISBN: (纸本)081945706X

The MDA/AS is developing advanced capabilities in the IR sensor area for ballistic missile defense. Infrared sensors play an important role to every layer of ballistic missile defense systems. Current missile defense systems use infrared sensors with material systems such as InSb and HgCdTe. They are sufficient to counter current threat level. However, with the Missile Defense Agency's (MDA) new capability based acquisition, the Advanced Systems (AS) of MDA is pushing the state-of-the-art of infrared technology to a higher level. The new infrared sensors will have the capability to cover a broad range of spectrum, have higher sensitivity, uniformity and operabilities, large format, multicolor, with a much better manufacturability and affordability. Examples are strained layer type-ii superlattices, quantum well infrared photodetectors, HgCdTe on Si, PbSnTe, and other novel concepts. This presentation will discuss what IR sensors are used in current missile defense systems, what is new in technology development, and it's system applications.

关键词： sensors Mercury cadmium telluride Infrared sensors Missiles Quantum well infrared photodetectors Staring arrays Defense and security Silicon Defense systems Quantum efficiency

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Gly-Gly-His Immobilized On Monolayer Modified Back-Side Contact Miniaturized sensors for Complexation of Copper Ions

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ELECTROANALYSIS 2013年第6期25卷 1461-1471页

作者： Wawrzyniak, Urszula E. Ciosek, Patrycja Zaborowski, Michal Liu, Guozhen Gooding, J. Justin Warsaw Univ Technol Fac Chem Dept Microbioanalyt PL-00664 Warsaw Poland Univ New S Wales Sch Chem Sydney NSW 2052 Australia Univ New S Wales Australian Ctr NanoMed Sydney NSW 2052 Australia Inst Electr Mat Technol PL-02668 Warsaw Poland Cent China Normal Univ Coll Chem Minist Educ Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol Wuhan 430079 Peoples R China

Miniaturized planar back-side contact transducers (BSC) with chemically modified gold surface have been utilized as electrochemical sensors. The electrodes have been functionalized by sequential immobilization of aryl diazonium salts or alkanethiols and short peptide Gly-Gly-His. The applicability of gold substrates modified with aryl diazonium salts in voltammetric detection of copper(ii) ions in aqueous solutions has been studied. The combination of two fundamental elements of the solid-state electrode, i.e. back-side contact (BSC) gold sensor and self-assembled monolayers, allowed one to obtain reliable miniaturized copper(ii) ion sensors. It can have important future applications in environmental sensing or in implantable biodevices.

关键词： Back-side contact gold electrodes Miniaturized biosensors Gly-Gly-His Copper(ii) ions Aryl diazonium salts Self-assembled monolayers

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Infrared photodetector development at Fraunhofer IAF

Infrared photodetector development at Fraunhofer IAF

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Conference on Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices XI

作者： Rutz, F. Kleinow, P. Walther, M. Aidam, R. Bronner, W. Kirste, L. Niemasz, J. Rehm, R. Schmitz, J. Stadelmann, T. Wauro, M. Woerl, A. Sieck, A. Ziegler, J. Fraunhofer Inst Appl Solid State Phys IAF Tullastr 72 D-79108 Freiburg Germany AIM Infrarot Module GmbH D-74072 Heilbronn Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780819499066

Fraunhofer IAF can look back on many years of expertise in developing high-performance infrared photodetectors. Since pioneering the InAs/GaSb type-ii superlattice detector development, extensive capabilities of epitaxy, process technology, and device characterization of single element detectors and camera arrays for the mid-and longwave infrared (MWIR and LWIR) have been established up to the level of small-scale production. Bispectral MWIR/MWIR and MWIR/LWIR cameras based on type-ii superlattices or HgCdTe are key topics at Fraunhofer IAF. Recently, we started the development of InGaAs-based short-wave infrared (SWIR) photodetectors for low-light-level applications. In this contribution, we report on materials and technology development for SWIR p-i-n and avalanche photodiodes (APDs), covering detector design, epitaxial growth, process technology, and most recent electro-optical characterization results of focal plane arrays as well as single element detectors.

关键词： SWIR InGaAs photodiode APD InAs/GaSb superlattice dual-color MWIR LWIR

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