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A derivation of the electric field inside MAPS detectors from beam-test data and limited TCAD simulations

JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第5期18卷 P05007页

作者： Santra, A. Hod, N. Tal Weizmann Inst Sci Dept Particle Phys & Astrophys 234 Herzl St IL-7610001 Rehovot Israel

solid semiconductor sensors are used as detectors in high-energy physics experiments, in medical applications, in space missions and elsewhere. Minimal knowledge of the electric field inside the elementary cells of these sensors is highly important for their performance understanding. The field governs the charge propagation processes and ultimately determines the size and quality of the electronic signal of the cell. Hence, the simulation of these sensors as detectors in different analyses relies strongly on the field knowledge. For a certain voltage applied to the cell, the field depends on the specifics of the device's growth and fabrication. The information about these is often commercially protected or otherwise very difficult to encode in state-of-the-art technology computer-aided-design (TCAD) software. In this work, we show that by taking the top-down approach, combining public beam-test data and a very limited public TCAD knowledge, we are able to effectively approximate the 3D electric field function in the pixel cell of one important and widely used example, namely the ALPIDE sensor, for simulating the charge propagation processes. Despite its broad usage worldwide, the ALPIDE field is not available to the community. We provide an effective field function, that adequately describes the sensor behaviour without trying to reconstruct further details about the device or the details behind its processing. We comment on the process by which the effective field function is derived with the help of the Allpix2 software, and on how similar work can be performed for other devices, starting from the same grounds.

关键词： Detector modelling and simulations ii (electric fields charge transport multiplication and induction pulse formation electron emission etc) Particle tracking detectors (solid-state detectors) Charge transport and multiplication in solid media solid state detectors

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Growth of ZnCdS single crystals and prospects of their application as nanoporous structures

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SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014年第12期29卷 125003-125003页

作者： Colibaba, G. V. Monaico, E. V. Goncearenco, E. P. Nedeoglo, D. D. Tiginyanu, I. M. Nielsch, K. Moldova State Univ Kishinev 2009 Moldova Univ Hamburg Inst Appl Phys D-20355 Hamburg Germany Tech Univ Moldova Natl Ctr Mat Study & Testing Kishinev 2004 Moldova

Substrates of wide band-gap ii-VI semiconductor compounds are considered feasible for the fabrication of nanoporous matrices (NM) needed for templated growth of nanowires and nanotubes of solid-state materials promising for applications in various fields. An accessible and cost-effective approach to fabricate NM is based on electrochemical etching (ECE) which, however, depends on the electrical conductivity of the substrates. In this paper, growth of homogeneous ZnxCd1-xS single crystals, with x varying from 0 to 1, is demonstrated and the influence of chemical composition on optical and electrical properties of the crystals is identified. The feasibility of using ZnxCd1-xS alloys with x = 0-0.6 for the growth of nanopore arrays with pore diameter down to 30 nm is shown. The perspectives and limitations of the use of these semiconductor alloys for the fabrication of NM by means of ECE are discussed.

关键词： crystal growth semiconductor substrates ZnCdS solid solutions anodic etching nanotemplates nanoporous structures

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development of Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on Prussian Blue Functionlized TiO₂ Nanotube arrays

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2014年第1期4卷 6891-6891页

作者： Gao, Zhi-Da Qu, Yongfang Li, Tongtong Shrestha, Nabeen K. Song, Yan-Yan Northeastern Univ Coll Sci Shenyang 110004 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Natl Lab Solid State Microstruct Nanjing 210093 Jiangsu Peoples R China Hanyang Univ Dept Chem Seoul 133791 South Korea

Amperometric biosensors consisting of oxidase and peroxidase have attracted great attention because of their wide application. The current work demonstrates a novel approach to construct an enzymatic biosensor based on TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiNTs) as a supporting electrode on which Prussian Blue (PB)-an "artificial enzyme peroxidase" and enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) have been immobilized. For this, PB nanocrystals are deposited onto the nanotube wall photocatalytically using the intrinsic photocatalytical property of TiO2, and the GOx/AuNPs nanobiocomposites are subsequently immobilized into the nanotubes via the electrodeposition of polymer. The resulting electrode exhibits a fast response, wide linear range, and good stability for glucose sensing. The sensitivity of the sensor is as high as 248 mA M-1 cm(-2), and the detection limit is about 3.2 mu M. These findings demonstrate a promising strategy to integrate enzymes and TiNTs, which could provide an analytical access to a large group of enzymes for bioelectrochemical applications including biosensors and biofuel cells.

关键词： AMPEROMETRIC sensors BIOsensorS OXIDASES PEROXIDASE PRUSSIAN blue

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development of a New Active Personal Dosimeter for Use in Space Radiation Environments

Development of a New Active Personal Dosimeter for Use in Sp...

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IEEE Conference on Aerospace

作者： Lawrence S. Pinsky Jeffrey Chancellor Physics Department University of Houston Houston TX USA

A new solid state detector, known as Medipix, developed by a consortium of academic institutions has been evolved from a technology originally created for use at the LHC at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. This technology is being harnessed for use as an active personal dosimeter for space radiation applications. The pixel based technology embeds the entire required readout electronics for each pixel withing the pixel's 55 micron square footprint. That allows the seamless tiling of multiple arrays of detectors. Prototypes have been exposed to heavy ion beams at the HIMAC facility in Japan and at the Texas A&M cyclotron in the US. The results are very encouraging. Extensive experience is being gained in using the detectors with appropriate converters for simultaneous neutron dosimetry as well. Ultimate versions may be deployed that are both wireless and self-contained, as well as having a package size comparable to current passive personal dosimeters. Prospect are excellent for building them into spacesuits, which would provide ground-based real-time monitoring of the detailed doses being taken by crew members during such high-risk periods as EVAs. These dosimeters could also be used as active area monitors in a variety of both space and ground-based applications.

关键词： Space technology Detectors solid state circuits Large Hadron Collider Readout electronics sensor arrays Prototypes Ion beams Cyclotrons Neutrons

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Automated diagnosis for the time of flight scintillation array: development of a structural and behavioral reasoning system

Automated diagnosis for the time of flight scintillation arr...

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Conference on Artificial Intelligence for applications

作者： R.K. Paasch A.M. Agogino Department of Mechanical Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Berkeley CA USA

The development and implementation are described of the time of flight validation system, a system for the automated diagnosis of a large-scale nuclear physics detector. The diagnostic system is multi-leveled, combining a single monitoring level based on statistical methods with two model-based diagnostic levels, one operating on structural information and the other using both structural and behavioral models. The later diagnostic level uses a qualitative data model of the detector to provide evidence that is mapped on a continuous basis from observation values to belief in component failure hypotheses. The general architecture is scalable.< >

关键词： Large-scale systems Nuclear physics solid scintillation detectors Radiation detectors Mechanical engineering Real time systems Computerized monitoring Laboratories sensor arrays Statistical analysis

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Test of scintillator readout with single photon avalanche photodiodes

Test of scintillator readout with single photon avalanche ph...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： P. Finocchiaro L. Cosentino G. Fallica S. Lombardo M. Mazzillo F. Musumeci A. Piazza G. Privitera S. Privitera E. Rimini D. Sanfilippo E. Sciacca A. Scordino S. Tudisco INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud Italy Research and Development DSG STMicroelectronics Catania Italy CNR-IMM Catania Italy Università degli Studi di Catania Italy

We outline the possible applications of newly developed single photon avalanche detectors (SPAD) operating at low voltage and fabricated in silicon planar technology, reporting on tests done with scintillators. We envisage the integration of large arrays of identical sensors, employing a common read-out mode in order to achieve a high resolution and high sensitivity solid state photomultiplier. The applications of such a device would be many, particularly if we consider that we are also working on the production of micro-optical components, perfectly suited for the lossless coupling of these photosensors to several light sources (lasers, ordinary and scintillating fibres, scintillators, optical devices), by exploiting the promising DLI technology (deep lithography with ions). Crossed time-of-flight and amplitude measurements between SPADs and usual photomultipliers, coupled to scintillators, have allowed to compare their relative performance. Specific issues regarding the SPAD and the scintillating fibre readout are presented, also in view of possible applications in the field of particle/radiation tracking systems.

关键词： Testing Avalanche photodiodes sensor arrays Optoelectronic and photonic sensors Photomultipliers Optical fiber devices Detectors Low voltage Silicon solid state circuits

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Laser induced graphene on phenolic resin and alcohol composite sheet for flexible electronics applications

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FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED ELECTRONICS 2020年第4期5卷 042001-042001页

作者： Kothuru, Avinash Goel, Sanket BITS Pilani Dept Elect & Elect Engn Microflud & Nanoelect Lab MEMS Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad Telangana India

Harnessing Laser-induced graphene (LIG) on various substrates, its optimization and application for various electronic devices has increased in the recent years. LIG has been reported as an alternative process for the realization of graphene for flexible electronics with excellent strength, conductivity and mechanical robustness. However, in a single-step manufacturing process, the development of a cost-effective, scalable electronic system using LIG is very challenging. In this work, a novel, simple, low-cost, and solid-state approach has been introduced to print and develop LIG-based conductivity traces and patterns. Here, the LIG conductive zones have been formed on various platforms by using phenolic resin (PR). The LIG regions were effectively developed from direct CO(2)laser ablation on the PR and polyvinyl alcohol (PR-PVA) composite sheets. This technique makes it possible to easily create highly conductive arrays on various substrates for realizing the components and devices for flexible electronics. By utilizing the augmented power and the speed of CO(2)laser, and the ratio of PR-PVA, the optimal conductivity of the formed LIG on PR-PVA sheet has been observed. Unique characteristics of LIG on PR-PVA include simple synthesis process, flexibility, ability to form a thin film with desired conductivity, and cost-effectiveness. The feasibility and viability of the successful LIG on PR-PVA sheet was demonstrated for applications like the capacitive touch sensor and the pressure sensor matrix.

关键词： laser-induced graphene phenolic resin polyvinyl alcohol CO(2)laser flexible electronics touch pad

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Array of X and gamma ray scintillator detector for space gamma ray telescope application

Array of X and gamma ray scintillator detector for space gam...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： Claudio Labanti Martino Marisaldi Fabio Fuschino Paolo Bastia Barbara Negri Francesco Perotti Heike Soltau IASF department in Bologna Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica Italy INAF/IASF Bologna Italy Thales Alenia Space Milan Italy Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Rome Italy IASF department INAF Milan Italy PN-Sensor München Germany Germany

The instruments on board the latest gamma observatories (INTEGRAL, AGILE, GLAST) combines technologies based either on solid state or on scintillator detector, the first one being favorite when a low energy threshold and a good energy resolution is required, the latter being more convenient for large volume when worse performance are still acceptable. With the development of new scintillator materials and even more with new low-noise ligth readout devices the differences between the two techniques are narrowing and for some application the cheaper scintillator detector can compete with solid state devices. Furthermore both these detector concepts can be combined in a single compact device by means of the Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) technique that allows to discriminate direct interactions in silicon from scintillation events. Combined in arrays they can be the base for position senstive planes to be combined with coded mask in imaging instruments or the component of new generation Compton based telescopes. For this purpose two prototype systems have been designed and realized, both based on a 20 channels Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD) monolithic array coupled to individual 1 cm thick CsI(Tl) scintillator crystals. In the first system the detector readout is implemented with ASICs tailored specifically to the SDD readout, while in the second system the PSD readout of the array is implemented. The performance of these kind of detectors tested in the various prototypes as well as their applications in new generation space telescopes are discussed.

关键词： sensor arrays Gamma ray detection Gamma ray detectors Telescopes Space technology Instruments solid state circuits solid scintillation detectors Silicon Prototypes

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Time-of-flight PET detector based on multi-pixel photon counter

Time-of-flight PET detector based on multi-pixel photon coun...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： Chang Lyong Kim David L. McDaniel Alexander Ganin GE Global Research Center Niskayuna NY USA GE Healthcare Systems Waukesha WI USA

Geiger-mode multi-pixel APD is recognized as the best alternative solid-state photo-sensor for vacuum PMTs in various applications. Its magnetic field immunity and high gain have made it popular in MR/PET and high-energy physics detector research. In this paper, we utilized its compactness and high gain in the design of a TOF PET detector. In typical block detectors based on PMT, the full timing capability of both the PMT and scintillator could not be achieved due to the light sharing used in the Anger logic scheme. Since the Geiger-mode APD is a solid-state based technology, we can utilize one-to-one coupling between a scintillator and the photo-sensor to utilize the best timing capability of both. Also, the high photon detection efficiency of MPPC, Geiger mode APD from Hamamatsu, would help improve timing resolution. We made a block detector based on a 4 × 4 array of 3 × 3 mm 2 MPPC coupled to a 4 × 4 array of 3 × 3 × 25 mm 3 LYSO crystals to evaluate its performance. We have achieved an average energy resolution of 9% and 314ps coincidence timing resolution with very good uniformity. This shows that the solid-state based photo-sensor can be used for TOF PET detector. During the development of the detector, we recognized that a compact and low power electronic readout scheme is one of the biggest challenges, including its cost, for MPPC or other Geiger-mode APDs to be realized as products.

关键词： Positron emission tomography Counting circuits Timing solid state circuits sensor arrays Energy resolution Radiation detectors Magnetic fields Physics Logic

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ARCADIA MAPS process qualification through the electrical characterization of passive pixel arrays

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第2期18卷 C02045页

作者： Corradino, T. Betta, G. F. Dalla Neubuser, C. Pancheri, L. Univ Trento Dept Ind Engn Via Sommar 9 Trento Italy TIFPA INFN Via Sommar 14 Trento Italy

The development of novel Monolithic Active Pixel sensor (MAPS) technologies has been pursued by several collaborations in the last two decades. The ARCADIA project aims to design fully depleted MAPS for medical, space, HEP and X-ray detection applications, that can be produced with a commercial 110 nm CMOS production process. Among the test structures of the first two engineering runs of the project, passive pixel arrays with different pitches and layouts were included. The main characteristics of the produced devices in terms of dark current, depletion voltage, punch through current and pixel capacitance have been evaluated from IV and CV characteristics of the pixel arrays. Groups of four samples have been extracted from as many different positions within each wafer and electrically characterized to obtain information on the variability in the pixel operating voltage range and in the pixel dark current, reflecting variations related to the employed production process. The experimental data demonstrated a good uniformity in the considered parameters for different sample positions within the produced wafers, as well as for samples extracted from different wafers with the same substrate type.

关键词： Detector design and construction technologies and materials solid state detec-tors Detector modelling and simulations ii (electric fields charge transport multiplication and induction pulse formation electron emission etc )

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