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solid-state gas sensors for breath analysis: A review

ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA 2014年 824卷 1-17页

作者： Di Natale, Corrado Paolesse, Roberto Martinelli, Eugenio Capuano, Rosamaria Univ Roma Tor Vergata Dept Elect Engn I-00133 Rome Italy Univ Roma Tor Vergata Dept Chem Sci & Technol I-00133 Rome Italy

The analysis of volatile compounds is an efficient method to appraise information about the chemical composition of liquids and solids. This principle is applied to several practical applications, such as food analysis where many important features (e. g. freshness) can be directly inferred from the analysis of volatile compounds. The same approach can also be applied to a human body where the volatile compounds, collected from the skin, the breath or in the headspace of fluids, might contain information that could be used to diagnose several kinds of diseases. In particular, breath is widely studied and many diseases can be potentially detected from breath analysis. The most fascinating property of breath analysis is the non-invasiveness of the sample collection. solid-state sensors are considered the natural complement to breath analysis, matching the non-invasiveness with typical sensor features such as low-cost, easiness of use, portability, and the integration with the information networks. sensors based breath analysis is then expected to dramatically extend the diagnostic capabilities enabling the screening of large populations for the early diagnosis of pathologies. In the last years there has been an increased attention to the development of sensors specifically aimed to this purpose. These investigations involve both specific sensors designed to detect individual compounds and non-specific sensors, operated in array configurations, aimed at clustering subjects according to their health conditions. In this paper, the recent significant applications of these sensors to breath analysis are reviewed and discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Gas sensors sensor arrays Breath analysis Medical diagnosis

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A facile colorimetric sensor for ultrasensitive and selective detection of Lead(ii) in environmental and biological samples based on intrinsic peroxidase-mimic activity of WS2 nanosheets

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ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA 2020年第0期1106卷 115-125页

作者： Tang, Yue Hu, Yang Yang, Yuxia Liu, Bangyan Wu, Yuangen Guizhou Univ Sch Liquor & Food Engn Guizhou Prov Key Lab Fermentat Engn & Biopharm Minist EducKey Lab Plant Resource Conservat & Ge Guiyang 550025 Peoples R China China Natl Light Ind Key Lab Wuliangye Flavor Liquor Solid State Ferme Cuiping Dist 644000 Yibin Peoples R China

Two-dimentional layered WS2 nanosheets with rich active edge exhibit intrinsic peroxidase-mimic activity, which make them an ideal material for sensor design. However, there is still lack of research on the catalysis and regulation mechanisms of the layered WS2 nanosheets as well as their application in the detection of hazardous substances. Herein, the regulatory effect of Pb(ii) on the peroxidase-mimic activity of the layered WS2 nanosheets was firstly investigated, which enable us to construct a novel and facile colorimetric sensor for ultrasensitive and selective detection of Pb(ii). To improve the performance of colorimetric sensor, some important parameters like buffer conditions, substrates and temperature have been investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the catalytic kinetics of layered WS2 nanosheets were extensively investigated. The peroxidase-mimic catalytic reaction was proved to be the "ping pong" mechanism, and the regulatory effect of Pb(ii) on layered WS2 nanosheets was agreed with noncompetitive inhibition. The absorbance variation of colorimetric sensor is proportionally related to the concentration of heavy metals, which enable us to easily distinguish whether Pb(ii) exceeds the permissible level in less than 20 min even by the naked eyes. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the proposed colorimetric sensor for Pb(ii) were determined as low as 4 mu g L-1 and 13.3 mu g L-1, and displays excellent selectivity against other competitive metal ions. Moreover, the further studies also validate the applicability of colorimetric sensor in several actual samples, indicating that our strategy may has prospective applications for Pb(ii) detection in environment and biological samples. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Two-dimentional nano sheets Nanozymes Colorimetric sensor Heavy metals

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A substrate-independent fabrication of hollow sphere arrays via template-assisted hydrothermal approach and their application in gas sensing

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 2017年 251卷 74-85页

作者： Su, Xingsong Gao, Lei Zhou, Fei Duan, Guotao Chinese Acad Sci Inst Solid State Phys Anhui Key Lab Nanomat & Nanotechnol Key Lab Mat Phys Hefei 230031 Anhui Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Hefei 230026 Anhui Peoples R China

A substrate-independent fabrication of hollow sphere arrays on desired substrates were demonstrated based on sulfonated polystyrene sphere template-assisted hydrothermal approach. By using this approach, Fe2O3 mono/multilayer hollow sphere arrays with tunable shell thickness and sphere diameter have been successfully prepared. Specially, this approach is universal for many other materials, such as the metal oxide In2O3, NiO, Co3O4, MgO, ZnO, CuO and SnO2, and the organic semiconductor polyaniline. Moreover, we can control the deposition of these hollow sphere arrays on any desired substrate such as flexible, glass slide, silicon wafer and flat plate electrode, which is very important for their applications in many fields, such as gas sensing. As an example, the Fe2O3 monolayer hollow sphere array as gas sensor was investigated in detail. It was found that the Fe2O3 hollow sphere arrays-based sensor display enhanced sensing performances with easy controllability, nice repeatability, high sensitivity, high stability and high selectivity in certain conditions, superior to those prepared by other methods, such as brushing. Generally, the proposed template-assisted hydrothermal approach afforded a new facile and universal approach to fabricate mono/multilayer hollow sphere arrays on any substrate, which will show high advantages in applications due to the controllable in-situ growth of the materials on desired devices. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Metal oxide hollow sphere array Gas sensing Sulfonated polystyrene spheres Template-assisted hydrothermal approach Desired substrate

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A digital high-resolution, high-performance CCD camera with 2048 * 2048 pixels for dynamic applications

A digital high-resolution, high-performance CCD camera with ...

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Conference on solid state sensor arrays - development and applications

作者： Reiter, H Bruijns, AJC Jung, N Morgenstern, A Spekowius, G Philips Research Laboratories Aachen Germany Philips Medical Systems Best Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)0819424307

A modular;multi-channel digital camera system has been designed. It provides a platform for the investigation of high-speed, high-resolution CCD sensors that are suited for dynamic medical X-ray imaging. The system supports frame rates from 30 frames per second (fps) for images with 1024*1024 pixels and 6-8 fps for images with 2048*2048 pixels. The complete system comprises camera head and correction circuits and yields a consecutive output stream of data. The camera electronics permits the testing of sensors with up to four parallel readout channels. It offers a variable bandwidth of up to 25 MHz per channel (total 100 MSamples/s) with a digitization resolution of 12 bits. The modularity and programmability (for example, of pulse pattern or clock frequency) allow the adaptation of the camera system to a wide range of interesting applications. The camera electronics consists of a majority of sensor independent and a relatively small section of sensor dependent components. A detailed description of the camera, methods for performance analysis, measurement results, images, and a noise analysis are presented and discussed. As an example, linearity, MTF and noise of the camera system equipped with the FTF2020, a 2k*2k CCD sensor from Philips Professional Imaging (PPI) have been measured. The noise contains fixed pattern and random components. The developed camera architecture is capable of fulfilling the high requirements of dynamic, high-resolution medical imaging.

关键词： 2048*2048 pixel CCD dynamic imaging multi-channel readout digital camera architecture

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ZnO nanowire arrays - Pattern generation, growth and applications

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PHYSICA STATUS solidI B-BASIC solid state PHYSICS 2010年第10期247卷 2305-2314页

作者： Zacharias, Margit Subannajui, Kittitat Menzel, Andreas Yang, Yang Univ Freiburg Inst Microsyst Engn IMTEK Fac Engn D-79110 Freiburg Germany

ZnO nanowires and related materials are in the focus of attention for electronic, optical or sensor applications. However, size, position and arrangement control are essential conditions for the development of future nanowire based devices. Various kinds of template methods including nanosphere lithography and UV laser interference lithography are powerful tools for the preparation of the starting metal catalyst arrays and will be demonstrated and discussed. However, only if the growth mechanism and its guiding parameters are understood in detail, the template will force a pattern arranged growth of nanowires. The paper gives an overview of the various kinds of growth modes for vertical arranged nanowires. Specific experimental conditions establishing the VS or the VLS growth are discussed. In addition, insight is given why the patterning is not all the time conserved and how to overcome these obstacles. In the second part different kinds of applications are summarized. Electronic properties are discussed based on metal semiconductor metal devices. The influence of a core shell nanowire structure on the optical properties is demonstrated. In addition, a simple approach for ZnO nanowire based gas sensors is discussed and shown. As a last example, the transfer of Al2O3 coated nanowires into spinel tubes is reported. [GRAPHICS] .

关键词： growth lithography nanowires photoluminescence templates

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development OF CDZNTE ENERGY SELECTIVE arrays FOR INDUSTRIAL AND MEDICAL RADIATION IMAGING

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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 1994年第1-3期353卷 349-355页

作者： POLICHAR, R SCHIRATO, R REED, J Science Applications International Corporation 4161 Campus Point Court San Diego CA 92121 USA

Recent advances in the production of CdZnTe using the high pressure Bridgman growth process now make it possible to design and fabricate complex X-ray sensor arrays on large monolithic substrates. These solid state ionization devices have the advantages of improved spatial and energy resolution, and produce significantly higher signals than competitive scintillator-photodiode systems. We have fabricated a number of linear and areal monolithic arrays in our laboratory using vacuum deposited contacts on such material with good success. These arrays operate in a pulse counting mode using hybrid and surface mount circuitry mounted in close proximity to the arrays. Linear devices with pitches of less than 0.8 mm and with 32 elements per substrate have been used for very wide dynamic range radioscopy with excellent results. Images are presented which demonstrate dynamic range in excess of 500:1 and Nyquist limited resolution at diagnostic X-ray energies for a wide variety of samples. Preliminary results demonstrate that the arrays can be used for energy selective radioscopy permitting the identification of differing materials within the image by approximate atomic number. Systems using areal arrays also have been evaluated as radiation cameras and demonstrate good spatial and energy resolution. Examples of data taken with a pin-hole collimator show the ability to distinguish source distributions by energy as well as location and intensity. Ongoing work in the improvement of spatial and energy resolution and the fabrication of larger arrays is discussed.

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Energy selective imaging systems based on monolithic CdZnTe arrays operated in a high speed counting mode

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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 1996年第1-2期380卷 323-330页

作者： Polichar, R Schirato, R Shreve, D Reed, J Polichar, A Science Applications International Corporation 4161 Campus Point Court San Diego CA 92121 USA

The excellent inherent energy resolution of CdZnTe and the evolution of techniques to fabricate this material into large, multi-pixel monolithic arrays, have encouraged the development of practical, multi-function, x-ray imaging systems. These systems are capable of simultaneously recording the x-ray image of an object while identifying the average atomic number of each of its internal components. The primary improvement of this new sensor technology is the ability to break down the detected radiation into energy bins after passing through the sample. The reduced fraction of scattered radiation recorded in a collimated, linear scanner image makes it possible to separate differing energy regions of the beam with a single bremsstrahlung source and a single, multiple discriminators. Such imaging systems have immediate applications in security and contraband detection, as well as a number of specialized uses in medical imaging. This review covers recent work carried out at SAIC in the development of these systems including the characterization of the detector devices, the requirements for the electronic readout system and a number of examples of images taken with prototype systems. Studies have been conducted with examples of both linear and area arrays using relatively simple processing electronics. Problems of incomplete charge collection and energy separation are discussed along with potential solutions to these issues. Imaging measurements made with these systems exhibit noise limits set by the available statistics and excellent point spread functions. Practical limitations in the useful pixel resolution approach 0.1 mm with stopping thickness of several millimeters. This suggests that high resolution scanners with x-ray tube potentials of several hundred kilovolts are feasible with this technology.

关键词： x-ray imaging dual energy position sensitive solid state detector array room temperature cadmium zinc telluride

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Chemical and biological sensors based on optically confined birefringent chalcopyrite heterostructures

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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-solid state MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY 2003年第2期97卷 182-195页

作者： Dietz, N Madarasz, FL Xoetron LLC Ringoes NJ 08551 USA Georgia State Univ Dept Phys & Astron Atlanta GA 30303 USA

This paper introduces and discusses the design and application(s) of a new and unique integrated solid-state molecular sensor (SSMS) system. The SSMS is based on optically confined birefringent heterostructure technology, which has the capability of recognizing target chemicals and biological molecules in an ambient environment. The SSMS technology is applicable for miniaturized sensor devices that can be used for quick, remote screening and recognition of chemical hazards in the environment. For example, trace impurities related to air/water pollution can be continuously monitored. Just as important, however, the SSMS technology will have a worldwide impact-economically as well as technologically-when used in the detection of chemical and biological agents, as well as for a variety of medical sensing applications, such as to identify and monitor complex biological structures, test for allergic reactions and screen for common diseases. Moreover, it could hasten the time of development and introduction into the marketplace of critically needed new drugs by the monitoring of biochemical and molecular cellular responses to the candidate drugs. Materials selection criteria, growth parameters and device architecture requirements are given and discussed. In addition, the results of a recent phase matching calculation, substantiating the feasibility of the SSMS, are given and discussed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

关键词： ii-IV-V-2 chalcopyrites birefringent NLO thin films heterostructures mixed-mode phase matching nonlinear coupled waveguides frequency agile laser molecular sensor chemical/biological agents

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A flexible quasi-solid-state thermoelectrochemical cell with high stretchability as an energy-autonomous strain sensor

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MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021年第10期8卷 2750-2760页

作者： Liang, Lirong Lv, Haicai Shi, Xiao-Lei Liu, Zhuoxin Chen, Guangming Chen, Zhi-Gang Sun, Guoxing Univ Macau Inst Appl Phys & Mat Engn Minist Educ Joint Key Lab Ave Univ Taipa Macao Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ Coll Mat Sci & Engn Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Univ Southern Queensland Ctr Future Mat Springfield Cent Qld 4300 Australia

The design of effective energy systems is crucial for the development of flexible and wearable electronics. Regarding the direct conversion of heat into electricity, thermoelectrochemical cells (TECs) are particularly suitable for low-grade heat harvesting to enable flexible and wearable applications, despite the fact that the electrolyte leakage and complex packaging issues of conventional liquid-based TECs await to be further addressed. Herein, a quasi-solid-state TEC is assembled using the polyacrylamide/acidified-single-walled carbon nanotube (PAAm/a-SWCNT) composite hydrogel, developed via a facile in situ free-radical polymerization route with tin(iv) chloride/tin(ii) chloride (Sn4+/Sn2+) as the redox couple. The as-fabricated TEC with a 0.6 wt% a-SWCNT content presents a large thermoelectrochemical Seebeck coefficient of 1.59 +/- 0.07 mV K-1 and exhibits excellent stability in thermoelectrochemical performance against large mechanical stretching and deformation. Owing to this superior stretchability, the as-fabricated TEC is further assembled into an energy-autonomous strain sensor, which shows high sensitivity. The strategy of utilizing a quasi-solid-state TEC for energy-autonomous strain sensing unveils the great potential of heat-to-electricity conversion in flexible and wearable electronics.

关键词： Flexible electronics

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Copper(ii) oxide nanowire array hydrogen sensor via facile large area contact integration

Copper(II) oxide nanowire array hydrogen sensor via facile l...

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2013 17th International Conference on solid-state sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, TRANSDUCERS and EUROsensorS 2013

作者： Limkrailassiri, K. Kozinda, A. Lin, L. Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center University of California Berkeley United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781467359818

This paper presents a novel method to achieve large area contact integration for copper(ii) oxide (CuO) nanowire array-based hydrogen gas sensors, which provides a simple solution to the ongoing challenge of harvesting nanostructured materials for gas sensing applications. The method presented herein offers six distinct advantages over previous nanostructured gas sensing technologies: (1) convenient electrical access to as-grown, freestanding nanowire arrays, thereby obviating postgrowth thin-film metallization, (2) lithography-free fabrication, (3) usage of large area nanowire arrays to circumvent low yield of single nanowire sensors, (4) reusability of contacts for batch characterization, (5) compatibility with all free-standing arrays grown on electrically conductive substrates, and (6) rapid response and recovery times. The CuO nanowire array-based gas sensors exhibited 5× to 25× increased resistance during operation, and a 20× improvement in recovery time compared to prior works. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Copper oxides

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