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作者： Yang, Chao Michigan State University

学位级别：Ph.D.

Electrochemical biosensors transform biochemical reactions into electrical information through various electrode transducers. With their high sensitivity and specificity, electrochemical biosensors are ideal agents to detect many inorganic and organic substances. Recently, the microfabrication of biosensors has matured to the point where high density arrays can be generated. A microsystem comprised of such arrays and an integrated circuit (IC) suitable for sensor interrogation and information extraction enables the capabilities of electrochemical sensors to be employed in applications that require miniaturization, including point of care medical diagnostics and distributed safety and security monitoring. In such a microsystem, the interrogation IC must provide extremely high sensitivity, to read the weak response from the miniaturized sensors, and be capable of multi-channel simultaneous readout, to support high density (∼100 elements) arrays. This dissertation focuses on overcoming the challenges and limitations in electronics that impede the development of electrochemical microsystems. Specifically, this research targets electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, an essential assay technique for many sensor interfaces. Several possible architectures for multichannel impedance spectroscopy were explored in this dissertation. The key functional blocks, identified as an impedance extractor and digitizer and a wide frequency range quadrature signal generator, were designed, tested, and implemented within a prototype biosensor array system to validate the design. The results of this research pave the way for further development of ICs for electrochemical sensors and lay a solid foundation for future implementations of fully integrated electrochemical impedance microsystems.

关键词： Electrochemical sensorsImpedance Bioelectric

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solid-state aspect sensor

Solid-state aspect sensor

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Shuttle Pointing of Electro-Optical Experiments 1980

作者： Cassidy, L. Kaplan, L. Perkin-Elmer Corporation Optical Technology Division DanburyCT06810 United States

Programs in development for the near future will require pointing sensors with accuracies in the region of 1 arc-sec and sub-arc-sec stability. The Advanced X-Ray Astronomical Facility, Annular Suspension Pointing System, Shuttle Infra-Red Telescope Facility and Stereosat are representatives of these programs. This paper describes a solid state Aspect sensor which could support this pointing capability and the testing technology necessary to verify its performance. The sensor uses a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) array integrated with a high-performance optical assembly. Perkin-Elmer has developed in-house a solid state sensor which could be used for precision pointing and attitude estimation applications. A test facility has been established which can be used to evaluate CCD arrays and optical assemblies for their suitability and use in a star sensor. The detail design of a stellar sensor to meet 1 arc-sec pointing requirements is presented. Optical performance characteristics are discussed, as is the verification testing of a prototype optical assembly. Test data are provided. The optical assembly is a 253-mm focal length, F/l.5 catadioptric lens system. Discussion of the solid state focal plane includes focal plane requirements and centroiding algorithms, focal plane and CCD test facilities, representative test data from linear CCD arrays, and a candidate CCD array for this application. An integrated sensor test station is described. Important considerations in the development of this precision pointing sensor are also presented, along with the predicted sensor performance based upon computer simulations. © 1981 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Focusing

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solid state IMAGE SENSING: A NEW AND VERSATILE TOOL FOR SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.

SOLID STATE IMAGE SENSING: A NEW AND VERSATILE TOOL FOR SCIE...

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Asilomar Conf on Circuits, Syst, and Comput, 7th, Annu, Conf Rec, Pap

作者： Weckler, Gene P.

Recent developments pertaining to solid state image sensors are reviewed. Advances in signal processing are discussed and characteristics and performance of typical sensor arrays are presented. New and novel applications ranging from scientific instruments to non-contact measurements for industrial process control. The basic device consists of a silicon chip containing a row of photodiodes and a parallel shift register. Connected to each stage of the shift register is the gate of an MOS switch which couples the adjacent photodiode to a common video line. Both linear and area arrays have emerged from the development stage. New and novel applications ranging from scientific instruments to non-contact measurements for industrial process control are described and illustrated.

关键词： Semiconductor diodes, Photodiode

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Lifetime imaging of luminescent oxygen sensors based on all-solid-state technology

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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1996年第24期68卷 4512-4514页

作者： Hartmann, P Ziegler, W Biomedical Research and Development AVL List GmbH Kleiststrasse 48 A-8020 Graz Austria

Conventional lifetime imaging requires rather complex and expensive instrumentation, like lasers and intensified CCD-cameras. We demonstrate that an array of light-emitting diodes and a directly gatable CCD-camera can be alternatively used for special applications as, for example, imaging of oxygen concentrations on a surface covered by an optical sensor. The suitability of low-cost devices is in this case favored by the microsecond decay times and the spectral properties of highly luminescent ruthenium(ii) complexes, For an illuminated sensor area of 5 cm(2) and an aimed spatial resolution of 1 mm, oxygen resolution was better than Delta PO2 = 0.4 Torr in the absence of oxygen and Delta PO2 = 2.5 Torr at PO2 = 100 Torr.

关键词： oxygen Imaging sensors Laser Oxygen sensors mean life Light emitting diodes

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applications of microlens-conditioned laser diode arrays

Applications of microlens-conditioned laser diode arrays

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Conference on Miniaturized Systems with Micro-Optics and Micromechanics/Laser Diode Optics ii/Optical Engineering for Data Storage and Laser Imaging

作者： BEACH, RJ EMANUEL, MA FREITAS, BL SKIDMORE, JA CARLSON, NW BENETT, WJ SOLARZ, RW LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB LIVERMORECA 94550

ISBN: (纸本)0819417300

The ability to condition the radiance of laser diodes using shaped-fiber cylindrical-microlens technology has dramatically increased the number of applications that can be practically engaged by diode laser arrays. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has actively pursued optical efficiency and engineering improvements in this technology in an effort to supply large radiance-conditioned laser diode array sources for its own internal programs. This effort has centered on the development of a modular integrated laser diode packaging technology with the goal of enabling the simple and flexible construction of high average power, high density, two-dimensional arrays with integrated cylindrical microlenses. Within LLNL, the principal applications of microlens-conditioned laser diode arrays are as high intensity pump sources for diode pumped solid state lasers (DPSSLs). A simple end-pumping architecture has been developed and demonstrated that allows the radiation from microlens- conditioned, two-dimensional diode array apertures to be efficiently delivered to the end of rod lasers. This architecture enables the generation of pump bemas that are scalable in absolute power with intensities approaching 100 kW/cm². To date, pump powers as high as 2.5 kW have been delivered to 3 mm diameter laser rods. Such high power levels are critical for pumping solid state lasers in which the terminal laser level is a Stark level lying in the ground state manifold. Previously, such systems have often required operation of the solid state gain medium at low temperature to freeze out the terminal laser Stark level population, so as to minimize losses resulting from reabsorption of the laser radiation. The necessity of low temperature operation has rendered such systems impractical for many applications. Our recently developed high intensity pump sources overcome this difficulty by effectively pumping to much higher inversion levels, allowing efficient operation at or ne

关键词： MICROLENSES LASER DIODES DIODE PUMPED solid state LASERS DIODE-TO-FIBER COUPLING

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Conducting polymers in chemical sensors and arrays

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ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA 2008年第1期614卷 1-26页

作者： Lange, Ulrich Roznyatouskaya, Nataliya V. Mirsky, Vladimir M. Univ Regensburg Inst Analyt Chem Chemo & Biosensors D-93040 Regensburg Germany Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ Dept Chem Moscow 119992 Russia

The review covers main applications of conducting polymers in chemical sensors and biosensors. The first part is focused on intrinsic and induced receptor properties of conducting polymers, such as pH sensitivity, sensitivity to inorganic ions and organic molecules as well as sensitivity to gases. Induced receptor properties can be also formed by molecularly imprinted polymerization or by immobilization of biological receptors. Immobilization strategies are reviewed in the second part. The third part is focused on applications of conducting polymers as transducers and includes usual optical (fluorescence, SPR, etc.) and electrical (conductometric, amperometric, potentiometric, etc.) transducing techniques as well as organic chemosensitive semiconductor devices. An assembly of stable sensing structures requires strong binding of conducting polymers to solid supports. These aspects are discussed in the next part. Finally, an application of combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput analysis to the development and optimization of sensing materials is described. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： conducting polymers chemical sensors electroactive polymers gas sensors combinatorial techniques electropolymerization sensor array

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Large area, edge buttable CCDs for mosaic focal plane applications

Large area, edge buttable CCDs for mosaic focal plane applic...

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Conference on solid state sensor arrays - development and applications

作者： Woody, T Blouke, MM Reinheimer, A Dosluoglu, T Burmester, W Wooten, R Frank, P Freymiller, E Seawalt, D Clampin, M Reed, R Wolfe, T Stover, R Wei, M Scientific Imaging Technologies Inc. (United States) Ball Aerospace Systems Group (United States) Space Telescope Science Institute (United States) National Optical Astronomical Observatories (United States) Univ of California Lick Observatory (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424307

This paper will describe in some detail two new large area CCD image sensors designed specifically to be used either as a single imager or assembled in mosaics of CCDs. The devices have 2048x4096, 15 mu m pixels;the difference being the orientation of the serial register. Performance data are presented on both front- and back-illuminated parts. In addition, a new production camera test system will also be described which is being used to screen test the Advanced Camera CCDs for the Wide Field and High Resolution Channels.

关键词： Charge-coupled devices Back illuminated sensors Semiconducting wafers Connectors Amplifiers Cameras Digital signal processing Imaging systems Quantum efficiency Astronomy

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Recent advances in biologically sensitive field-effect transistors (BioFETs)

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ANALYST 2002年第9期127卷 1137-1151页

作者： Schöning, MJ Poghossian, A Univ Appl Sci Aachen D-52428 Julich Germany Forschungszentrum Julich Inst Thin Films & Interfaces D-52425 Julich Germany

Thirty years have elapsed since the invention of the ISFET by Bergveld. Since that time, various types of BioFETs have been developed using different biological recognition elements starting with enzymes and immunological species through DNA molecules to living cells and even living organisms. The study of the current state of BioFETs reveals that some BioFETs, like EnFETs are at a well-developed stage, whereas other BioFETs such as GenFETs and beetle/chip FETs are in the initial stages of development. There are still a number of fundamental and technological problems that must be overcome, before the first reliable BioFET-based bioanalytical microsystem will appear on the market. Therefore, intensive interdisciplinary research and cooperation of specialists from different disciplines is still required, not only in the field of biotechnology and bioengineer- ing but also in related disciplines, like informatics, solid-state physics, microtechnology, genetics as well as specific tech- niques such as sensor integration and packaging, interfacing circuits, etc. Hence, future prospects for BioFET developments can be expected in the following directions: (i) BioFETs utilising intact biological receptors (ion channel receptors, binding proteins, etc.) that bind specific drugs and reagents in such a way that they produce a conformational change in the protein structure. This conformational change, in turns, triggers a cellular response, (e.g., the opening of an ion channel of the membrane (so-called ion-channel switch biosensor); (ii) ISFET-based DNA chips can be considered as a new tool for the simultaneous analysis of thousands of nucleic acids with a broad area of potential applications in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics, genomics, drug screening, environmental monitor- ing and food industry. They combine both the possibility of direct DNA hybridisation detection without the use of labelled probes and the large integration ability of these active microelect

关键词： Glucose Oxidase chemical analysis micro total analysis systems Field effect transistors Biosensors signal acquisition biological organs hybrid systems Electronic Nose Oxygen electrodes sensor arrays Si technology

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Potential and Limitations of a Deconvolution Approach for Guided Wave Structural Health Monitoring

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STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2009年第5期8卷 381-395页

作者： Cicero, T. Cawley, P. Simonetti, F. Rokhlin, S. I. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med UK Res Ctr NDE London SW7 2AZ England Ohio State Univ Columbus OH 43210 USA

Ultrasonic guided waves offer the possibility of inspecting large areas of structures from a small number of sensor positions. However, inspection of complex structures is difficult as the reflections from different features overlap. Estimating the number and amplitude of the wave packets in ultrasonic time traces is crucial for the development of a guided wave inspection system, in order to detect and locate damage. Deconvolution has been extensively used in geophysical applications to resolve overlapping echoes in the recorded signals. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the applicability of the deconvolution approach for enhancing the resolution of ultrasonic time traces in structural health monitoring (SHM). Numerical simulations on strongly overlapping signals were carried out to evaluate the performance of the two techniques that have been considered: (i) Wiener filter, (ii) single most likely replacement. It was shown that the relatively narrow bandwidth of the input signals and phase shifts between different reflections limit the benefits obtained from deconvolution and it was concluded that deconvolution is unlikely to be useful for guided wave SHM applications.

关键词： structural health monitoring sparse sensor arrays signal processing signal deconvolution

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Greater than 90% QE in visible spectrum perceptible from UV to near IR Hamamatsu thinned back illuminated CCD's

Greater than 90% QE in visible spectrum perceptible from UV ...

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Conference on solid state sensor arrays - development and applications

作者： Muramatsu, M Akahori, H Shibayama, K Nakamura, S Yamamoto, K Hamamatsu Photonics KK (Japan)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424307

CCD's feature low amplifier noise, high sensitivity and wide dynamic range. Therefore, CCD's have been used in such diverse applications as general purpose imaging, industrial inspection, medical diagnostics and astrophysics [1][2]. For each application, a suitable image area, optical characteristics, electrical characteristics and even appropriate package must be required[3]. Among these, back illuminated CCD's have enhanced sensitivity for UV light, soft X-rays and electrons. Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. has developed FFT, MPP mode back illuminated CCD's optimized for spectroscopy. For spectroscopic applications, CCD's should have responsivity from the UV to near-iii as well as having low dark current and wide dynamic range in the binning mode. Stability of the spectral response curve is also important to achieve high precision measurements.

关键词： spectroscopic applications signal-to-noise ratio full-well capacity spectral range quantum efficiency backside thinning rim support grown oxide high temperature annealing flip-chip bonding

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