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applications of microlens-conditioned laser diode arrays

Applications of microlens-conditioned laser diode arrays

Conference on Miniaturized Systems with Micro-Optics and Micromechanics/Laser Diode Optics ii/Optical Engineering for Data Storage and Laser Imaging

作者： BEACH, RJ EMANUEL, MA FREITAS, BL SKIDMORE, JA CARLSON, NW BENETT, WJ SOLARZ, RW LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB LIVERMORECA 94550

ISBN: (纸本)0819417300

The ability to condition the radiance of laser diodes using shaped-fiber cylindrical-microlens technology has dramatically increased the number of applications that can be practically engaged by diode laser arrays. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has actively pursued optical efficiency and engineering improvements in this technology in an effort to supply large radiance-conditioned laser diode array sources for its own internal programs. This effort has centered on the development of a modular integrated laser diode packaging technology with the goal of enabling the simple and flexible construction of high average power, high density, two-dimensional arrays with integrated cylindrical microlenses. Within LLNL, the principal applications of microlens-conditioned laser diode arrays are as high intensity pump sources for diode pumped solid state lasers (DPSSLs). A simple end-pumping architecture has been developed and demonstrated that allows the radiation from microlens- conditioned, two-dimensional diode array apertures to be efficiently delivered to the end of rod lasers. This architecture enables the generation of pump bemas that are scalable in absolute power with intensities approaching 100 kW/cm². To date, pump powers as high as 2.5 kW have been delivered to 3 mm diameter laser rods. Such high power levels are critical for pumping solid state lasers in which the terminal laser level is a Stark level lying in the ground state manifold. Previously, such systems have often required operation of the solid state gain medium at low temperature to freeze out the terminal laser Stark level population, so as to minimize losses resulting from reabsorption of the laser radiation. The necessity of low temperature operation has rendered such systems impractical for many applications. Our recently developed high intensity pump sources overcome this difficulty by effectively pumping to much higher inversion levels, allowing efficient operation at or ne

关键词： MICROLENSES LASER DIODES DIODE PUMPED solid state LASERS DIODE-TO-FIBER COUPLING

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Conducting polymers in chemical sensors and arrays

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ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA 2008年第1期614卷 1-26页

作者： Lange, Ulrich Roznyatouskaya, Nataliya V. Mirsky, Vladimir M. Univ Regensburg Inst Analyt Chem Chemo & Biosensors D-93040 Regensburg Germany Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ Dept Chem Moscow 119992 Russia

The review covers main applications of conducting polymers in chemical sensors and biosensors. The first part is focused on intrinsic and induced receptor properties of conducting polymers, such as pH sensitivity, sensitivity to inorganic ions and organic molecules as well as sensitivity to gases. Induced receptor properties can be also formed by molecularly imprinted polymerization or by immobilization of biological receptors. Immobilization strategies are reviewed in the second part. The third part is focused on applications of conducting polymers as transducers and includes usual optical (fluorescence, SPR, etc.) and electrical (conductometric, amperometric, potentiometric, etc.) transducing techniques as well as organic chemosensitive semiconductor devices. An assembly of stable sensing structures requires strong binding of conducting polymers to solid supports. These aspects are discussed in the next part. Finally, an application of combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput analysis to the development and optimization of sensing materials is described. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： conducting polymers chemical sensors electroactive polymers gas sensors combinatorial techniques electropolymerization sensor array

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Recent advances in biologically sensitive field-effect transistors (BioFETs)

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ANALYST 2002年第9期127卷 1137-1151页

作者： Schöning, MJ Poghossian, A Univ Appl Sci Aachen D-52428 Julich Germany Forschungszentrum Julich Inst Thin Films & Interfaces D-52425 Julich Germany

Thirty years have elapsed since the invention of the ISFET by Bergveld. Since that time, various types of BioFETs have been developed using different biological recognition elements starting with enzymes and immunological species through DNA molecules to living cells and even living organisms. The study of the current state of BioFETs reveals that some BioFETs, like EnFETs are at a well-developed stage, whereas other BioFETs such as GenFETs and beetle/chip FETs are in the initial stages of development. There are still a number of fundamental and technological problems that must be overcome, before the first reliable BioFET-based bioanalytical microsystem will appear on the market. Therefore, intensive interdisciplinary research and cooperation of specialists from different disciplines is still required, not only in the field of biotechnology and bioengineer- ing but also in related disciplines, like informatics, solid-state physics, microtechnology, genetics as well as specific tech- niques such as sensor integration and packaging, interfacing circuits, etc. Hence, future prospects for BioFET developments can be expected in the following directions: (i) BioFETs utilising intact biological receptors (ion channel receptors, binding proteins, etc.) that bind specific drugs and reagents in such a way that they produce a conformational change in the protein structure. This conformational change, in turns, triggers a cellular response, (e.g., the opening of an ion channel of the membrane (so-called ion-channel switch biosensor); (ii) ISFET-based DNA chips can be considered as a new tool for the simultaneous analysis of thousands of nucleic acids with a broad area of potential applications in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics, genomics, drug screening, environmental monitor- ing and food industry. They combine both the possibility of direct DNA hybridisation detection without the use of labelled probes and the large integration ability of these active microelect

关键词： Glucose Oxidase chemical analysis micro total analysis systems Field effect transistors Biosensors signal acquisition biological organs hybrid systems Electronic Nose Oxygen electrodes sensor arrays Si technology

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Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers: Interconnecting solid state Electronics with Biosystems

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JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009年第8期9卷 5038-5046页

作者： Cassell, Alan M. Li, Jun Nguyen-Vu, Thuy-Duong Barbara Koehne, Jessica E. Chen, Hua Andrews, Russell Meyyappan, M. Univ Calif Santa Cruz UARC NASA Ames Res Ctr Moffett Field CA 94035 USA Kansas State Univ Dept Chem Manhattan KS 66506 USA

Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) are grown directly on prefabricated electronic circuits with nanoscale precision. Utilizing the free-standing nanofiber array geometry, we have demonstrated the detection of nucleic acids to construct an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor. Extending this technology towards in vivo applications, we have modified the free-standing VACNF arrays in order to achieve a multifunctional three dimensional (3-D) matrix that interpenetrates the neuronal network of PC12 cells. We found that PC12 cells cultured on the nanofiber arrays can form an extended neural network upon proper chemical and biochemical modification. The soft 3-D nanofiber array architecture provides a novel platform to fine-tune the topographical, mechanical, chemical, and electrical cues at sub-cellular scales. This biomaterial platform can be used for both fundamental studies of nanomaterial-cell interactions and the development of multifunctional, chronically stable implantable devices. The application of these devices and potential utility as a multifunctional platform for neurophysiology and biochemical studies will be discussed.

关键词： Neural Interface Carbon Nanofiber Vertically Aligned Polypyrrole Nucleic Acid Detection Electrochemical Methods Neurotransmitter Dopamine Implantable Electrode PC12 Cells Biocompatibility

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High performance large infrared and visible astronomy arrays for low background applications: Instruments performance data and future developments at Raytheon

High performance large infrared and visible astronomy arrays...

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Conference on Infrared Systems and Photoelectronic Technology ii

作者： Beuville, Eric Acton, David Corrales, Elizabeth Drab, John Levy, Alan Merrillb, Michael Peralta, Richard Ritchie, William Raytheon Vis Syst Goleta CA 93117 USA Natl Opt Astron Observ Tucson AZ 85719 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468086

Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS) has developed a family of high performance large format infrared detector arrays for astronomy and civil space applications. RVS offers unique off-the-shelf solutions to the astronomy community. This paper describes mega-pixel arrays, based on multiple detector materials, developed for astronomy and low-background applications. New focal plane arrays under development at RVS for the astronomy community will also be presented. Large sensor Chip Assemblies (SCAB) using various detector materials like Si:PINT, HgCdTe, InSb, and Si:As IBC, covering a detection range from visible to large wavelength infrared (LWIR) have been demonstrated with an excellent quantum efficiency and very good uniformity. These focal plane arrays have been assembled using state-of-the-art low noise, low power, readout integrated circuits (ROIC) designed at RVS. Raytheon packaging capabilities address reliability, precision alignment and flatness requirements for both ground-based and space applications. Multiple SCAs can be packaged into even larger focal planes. The VISTA telescope, for example, contains sixteen 2k X 2k infrared focal plane arrays. RVS astronomical arrays are being deployed world-wide in ground-based and space-based applications. A summary of performance data for each of these array types from instruments in operation will be presented (VIRGO Array for large format SWIR, the ORION and VISTA arrays, NEWFIRM and other solutions for MWIR spectral ranges).

关键词： infrared astronomy readouts megapixel focal plane array InSb HgCdTe Si : PIN Raytheon

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Electrochemiluminescence detection based on Ruthenium(ii) tris(bipyridine) immobilised in sulfonic-functionalised titania nanoparticles by ion exchange strategy

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ANALYST 2009年第10期134卷 2100-2105页

作者： Li, Yali Yang, Fan Yang, Xiurong Chinese Acad Sci Changchun Inst Appl Chem State Key Lab Electroanalyt Chem Changchun 130022 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Grad Sch Beijing 100039 Peoples R China

A novel Ruthenium(ii) tris(bipyridine)-based solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was developed in this paper. The sensor was fabricated by immobilising tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(ii) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) in sulfonic-functionalised porous titania (TiO2-SO3H) nanoparticles via an ion exchange strategy, followed by employing environment friendly and stable biopolymer chitosan (CHIT) to entrap Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)/TiO2-SO3H onto the ITO electrode. The prepared ECL sensor exhibited excellent ECL behaviors and a wide linear range from 7.5 x 10(-9) to 2.5 x 10(-3) M (R = 0.98) with a detection limit of 1.67 x 10(-10) M (S/N = 3) towards 2-(dibutylamino)-ethanol (DBAE) detection. In addition, it had good reproducibility, and the relative average deviation was 0.95% of ECL intensity-time curve under continuous potential scanning for 34 cycles. It also had good long-term stability for the DBAE detection. After being used in three weeks, the sensor was able to keep over 80% activity towards 2.5 x 10(-4) M of DBAE. Fabrication of the ECL sensor by this method is simple and easy, and hence has potential applications in ECL analysis and detection.

关键词： CHEMILUMINESCENCE BIOCHEMICAL markers ELECTROCHEMICAL sensors BIOPOLYMERS RUTHENIUM NANOPARTICLES TITANIUM dioxide MICROFABRICATION ION exchange (Chemistry)

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Light-Emitting Diodes: Materials, Devices, and applications for solid state Lighting XV

Light-Emitting Diodes: Materials, Devices, and Applications ...

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Light-Emitting Diodes: Materials, Devices, and applications for solid state Lighting XV

ISBN: (纸本)9780819484918

The proceedings contain 24 papers. The topics discussed include: energy efficient illumination for the biological clock;human preference in tunable solid state lighting;human health and well-being: promises for a bright future from solid-state lighting;improvement in efficiency droop of GaN-based light-emitting diodes by optimization of active regions;randomized micro lens arrays for color mixing;density-activated defect recombination as a possible explanation for the efficiency droop in GaN-based diodes;characteristics of linear position sensor based on bi-cell photodiode;a flexible rugged testbed for passive solar collector development;nitride nanowire structures for LED applications;nanostructure based antireflection coatings for EO/IR sensor applications;luminescent features of novel sol-gel derived lanthanide multi-doped oxyfluoride nano-structured phosphors for white LED;and luminescent ceramics for LED conversion.

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Design, optimization and testing of novel spectroscopic systems for investigating direct lanthanide photoluminescence and for the development of xerogel-based chemical sensors and materials

Design, optimization and testing of novel spectroscopic syst...

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作者： Holthoff, William G. State University of New York at Buffalo

学位级别：Ph.D.

This dissertation centers on the design and testing of new instrumentation and techniques for: (1) high throughput screening of optical sensing films, arrays and biodegradable materials; (2) novel radioluminescent light sources for remote sensing applications; and (3) direct lanthanide (iiI) photoluminescence measurements. First, this dissertation describes our approach to characterize the physicochemical properties within xerogel-based composites by using a combination of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence. A description of the automated methods utilized for the construction and rapid screening of xerogel libraries is provided. Next, a radioluminescent (RL) light source is evaluated for the development of photonically-based chemical responsive sensor arrays. The RL light source is assessed by determining the analytical figures of merit from two tris(4,7'-diphenyl-1,10'-phenathroline) ruthenium(ii)-doped xerogel-based sensor platforms. Finally, we describe the design, optimization, and testing of a novel spectroscopic system for investigating direct lanthanide (iiI) photoluminescence. This section describes the analytical figures of merit and describes challenges overcome to make this system operational.

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A dynamic range expansion method for a CMD imager

A dynamic range expansion method for a CMD imager

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Conference on solid state sensor arrays - development and applications

作者： Shimamoto, H Mitani, K Fujita, Y NHK Science and Technical Research Laboratories Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0819424307

A dynamic range expansion method for Charge Modulation Device (CMD) imagers has been proposed and an experimental circuit was evaluated. As active pixel sensors, CMD imagers offer significant advantages in terms of non-destructive readout and high-speed operation. Furthermore, the CMD imager used in this study has built-in dual vertical shift registers which can start their scanning independently. We applied our newly developed source reset method to the imager, which enables each pixel charge to be reset by external circuits. By using these functions, we have obtained our dynamic range expansion method. The source reset method enables each pixel of a CMD imager to be reset selectively. We use it for a regional electrical shutter. For instance, if there is an overexposed pixel, its accumulated charge is reset from outside the imager, so that the pixel charge is prevented from becoming saturated. The non-destructive readout and high-speed operation enable the CMD imager to be read multiple times without destruction of accumulated charges. For instance, if the imager is driven twice in one field period, each pixel's accumulations can be checked and reset selectively from external of the device at the first scanning, then, all the signals are obtained at the second scanning and output through a small process circuit. This dynamic range expansion method for CMD imagers needs only a simple feedback Circuit but does not need complex equipment externally nor adding reset circuits on a chip. An experimental circuit with this method was successfully evaluated here.

关键词： Charge Modulation Device source reset method dynamic range expansion active pixel sensor non-destructive readout feedback circuit

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Type-ii Superlattices - The Fraunhofer Perspective

Type-II Superlattices - The Fraunhofer Perspective

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Conference on Infrared Technology and applications XXXVI

作者： Rehm, Robert Walther, Martin Schmitz, Johannes Rutz, Frank Woerl, Andreas Scheibner, Ralf Ziegler, Johann Fraunhofer Inst Angew Festkorperphys IAF Tullastr 72 D-79108 Freiburg Germany AIM Infrarot Module GmbH D-74072 Heilbronn Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780819481245

In the past years, the development of the type-ii InAs/GaSb superlattice technology at the Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied solid state Physics (IAF) has been focused on achieving series-production readiness for third generation dual-color superlattice detector arrays for the mid-wavelength infrared spectral range. The technology is ideally suited for airborne missile threat warning systems, due to its ability of low false alarm remote imaging of hot carbon dioxide signatures on a millisecond time scale. In a multi-wafer molecular beam epitaxy based process eleven 288x384 dual-color detector arrays are fabricated on 3 '' GaSb substrates. Very homogeneous detector arrays with an excellent noise equivalent temperature difference have been realized. The current article presents the type-ii superlattice dual-color technology developed at IAF and delivers insights into a range of test methodologies employed at various stages during the fabrication process, which ensure that the basic requirements for achieving high detector performance are met.

关键词： InAs/GaSb type-ii superlattice photodiode missile threat warning carbon dioxide third generation infrared imager dual-color infrared camera dual-band IR camera GaSb substrate carrier background

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