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High performance spatial light modulators for terahertz applications

OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 2015年 350卷 309-314页

作者： Hogue, Md Nadim Ferdous Karaoglan-Bebek, Gulten Holtz, Mark Bernussi, Ayrton A. Fan, Zhaoyang Texas Tech Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Lubbock TX 79409 USA Texas Tech Univ Nano Tech Ctr Lubbock TX 79409 USA Texas Tech Univ Dept Phys Lubbock TX 79409 USA Texas State Univ Dept Phys San Marcos TX 78666 USA Texas State Univ MSEC San Marcos TX 78666 USA

We demonstrate large-contrast, low-crosstalk, low-power, and broadband spatial light modulators (SLMs) for operation at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The electro-thermally activated SLMs rely on the insulator-metal-phase transition of two VO2 thin films deposited on opposite sides of a sapphire substrate. We validated the effectiveness of our approach by fabricating and testing 2 x 2 pixel SLM prototypes. Record high amplitude modulation depth of 96%, -30 dB pixel-to-pixel crosstalk and precise THz transmission control was determined for the fabricated SLMs over a broad range of THz frequencies. Raster scanning THz transmission revealed excellent pixel uniformity with very large on/off contrast. These attributes are fundamental for high-contrast THz imaging and spectroscopy applications. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： VO2 Metal-insulator transition THz spatial light modulator Modulator

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Equivariant Neural Networks for Controlling Dynamic spatial light modulators

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INTEGRATING MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING INNOVATION 2024年第4期13卷 857-865页

作者： Shankar, Sumukh Vasisht Wang, Rui D'Souza, Darrel Singer, Jonathan P. Walters, Robin Northeastern Univ Khoury Coll Comp Sci Boston MA 02115 USA MIT Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Cambridge MA USA Rutgers State Univ Sch Engn New Brunswick NJ USA

spatial light modulators (SLMs) are devices that are capable of manipulating incident light by passing it through an array of phase/intensity altering pixels. A recent alternative design involves creating a phase mask by directing a thin film of fluid with thermocapillary forces generated by a controlled temperature map. However, it is difficult to determine the input temperature signal necessary to induce a given height profile. The relationship between temperature and height is given by the thin film equation, a fourth-order nonlinear PDE, which is difficult to solve numerically. To address this problem, we train deep neural networks to directly solve the inverse problem, mapping from the desired height profiles to the needed temperature patterns. We design novel equivariant networks incorporating scale and rotation symmetry of the underlying thin film equation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of equivariant models for learning the complex relationship between input temperature signals and the resulting light patterns, showing they are more accurate than non-equivariant baselines and very computationally efficient. This work has implications for a range of applications, including high-power laser systems, and could lead to more efficient and effective ways to deploy the process of modulation of light in SLMs in a variety of applications.

关键词： Machine learning Thin film equation spatial light modulator Equivariant neural networks

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Rapid stochastic spatial light modulator calibration and pixel crosstalk optimization

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OPTICS EXPRESS 2024年第27期32卷 48957-48971页

作者： Schroff, P. Haller, H. Kuhr, S. LA Rooij, A. Univ Strathclyde Dept Phys SUPA Glasgow Scotland

Holographic light potentials generated by phase-modulating liquid-crystal spatial light modulators (SLMs) are widely used in quantum technology applications. Accurate calibration of the wavefront and intensity profile of the laser beam at the SLM display is key to the high fidelity of holographic potentials. Here, we present a new calibration technique that is faster than previous methods while maintaining the same level of accuracy. By employing stochastic optimization and random speckle intensity patterns, we calibrate a digital twin that accurately models the experimental setup. This approach allows us to measure the wavefront at the SLM to within lambda /170 in 5 minutes using only 10 SLM phase patterns, a significant speedup over state-of-the-art techniques. Additionally, our digital twin models pixel crosstalk on the liquid-crystal SLM, enabling rapid calibration of model parameters and reducing the error in light potentials by a factor of 5 without losing efficiency. Our fast calibration technique will simplify the implementation of high-fidelity light potentials in, for example, quantum-gas microscopes and neutral-atom tweezer arrays where high-NA objectives and thermal lensing can deform the wavefront significantly. applications in the field of holographic displays that require high image fidelity will benefit from the novel pixel crosstalk calibration, especially for displays with a large field of view and increased SLM diffraction angles.

关键词： Holographic displays Quantum technology spatial light modulators Speckle patterns Stochastic gradient descent Thermal lensing

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Reference-free in situ rapid regional calibration of phase-only spatial light modulators

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OPTICS LETTERS 2024年第3期49卷 522-525页

作者： Nam, Kibum Park, Jung-Hoon Ulsan Natl Inst Sci & Technol UNIST Dept Biomed Engn Ulsan 44919 South Korea

spatial light modulators (SLMs) have become an indispensable element in modern optics for their versatile performance in many applications. Among various types of SLMs, such as digital micromirror devices (DMD), liquid crystalbased phase-only spatial light modulators (LC-SLMs), and deformable mirrors (DM), LC-SLMs are often the method of choice due to their high efficiency, precise phase modulation, and abundant number of effective pixels. In general, for research grade applications, an additional SLM calibration step is required due to fabrication imperfection resulting in non-flat liquid crystal panels and varying phase responses over the SLM area. Here, we demonstrate a straightforward approach for reference-free orthogonal calibration of an arbitrary number of SLM subregions which only requires the same measurement time as global calibration. The proposed method requires minimal optical elements and can be applied to any optical setup as is. As a benchmark performance test, we achieved a 2.2-fold enhancement in correction efficiency for wavefront shaping through scattering media utilizing the calibrated 2160 subregions of the SLM, in comparison with a single global look-up table (LUT). (c) 2024 Optica Publishing Group

关键词： Deformable mirrors Nematic liquid crystals Optical elements Scattering media spatial light modulators Stimulated emission depletion microscopy

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Multi-color complex spatial light modulation with a single digital micromirror device

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OPTICS EXPRESS 2023年第14期31卷 22649-22659页

作者： Yan, Hengzhe Sun, Yuncong Lin, Yiqiao Chu, Feixiang Wan, Wenjie Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Univ Michigan Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Joint Inst State Key Lab Adv Opt Commun Syst & Networks Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Dept Phys & Astron Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China

spatial light modulators enabling complex light field manipulation has opened up many opportunities in biomedical imaging, holographic display, and adaptive optics. However, traditional spatial light modulators do not allow multi-color operations simultaneously due to their physical constraints, while multi-color modulations are highly desirable in many applications. To overcome this limitation, we demonstrate a multi-color spatial complex light field modulation with a single binary hologram on digital micromirror devices (DMD). This method combines several neighboring micro-mirror pixels into a giant single superpixel, in which the light field's amplitude and phase can be individually determined by internal pixel combinations, and the dynamic range of phase modulation can exceed 2 & pi;for the single wavelength. As a result, this extra phase modulation range offers an additional degree of freedom for independent multi-wavelength light modulation. Based on this scheme, multi-color light modulations have been demonstrated in a 2D plane as well as in multiple 3D holographic planes. Moreover, a dual-colored Airy beam has been realized using the same technique. These results bring complex light modulation into a multi-color regime, paving the way for practical applications in information display, imaging, and optical trapping.

关键词： Digital micromirror devices Liquid crystal modulators Medical imaging Optical networks Optical trapping Phase modulation

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Adaptive reconfiguration and full control of light structures in optical fibers with programmable silicon photonics

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OPTICA 2025年第3期12卷 329-336页

作者： Zhou, Wu Chen, Zengqi Lu, Kaihang Chen, Hao Zhang, Mingyuan Tian, Wenzhang Tong, Yeyu Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol Guangzhou Microelect Thrust Guangzhou 511453 Guangdong Peoples R China

The ability to control light structures in all dimensions is crucial for a wide range of fundamental and advanced photonics applications, including microscopy, imaging, sensing, communications, and quantum information processing. However, existing chip-based solutions cannot achieve simultaneous manipulation of spatial and polarization distributions, and often exhibit limited emission efficiency and beam quality. In this study, we demonstrate a programmable silicon photonic chip that can locally, efficiently, and fully generate and control structured light over both spatial and polarization distributions. High emission efficiency and intensity overlap integrals can be obtained in our experiment. Furthermore, our photonic processor can be actively programmed to invert the unknown random transmission matrix of a few-mode optical fiber and arbitrarily project the input vector into the desired spatial and polarization distributions in real time. Our findings offer a scalable pathway towards achieving a portable and reliable system for full control, efficient emission, and adaptive reconfiguration of light structures across various applications. (c) 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement

关键词： Dielectric waveguides Few mode fibers Optical fibers Silicon photonics spatial light modulators Structured light

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Orthonormalization of phase-only basis functions

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OPTICS EXPRESS 2025年第2期33卷 2427-2436页

作者： Cox, DANIeL W. S. Vellekoop, Ivo m. Univ Twente Fac Sci & Technol Biomed Photon Imaging Grp POB 217 NL-7500 AE Enschede Netherlands

Generation of orthonormal optical fields using phase-only spatial light modulators (SLM) or amplitude-only digital micromirror devices (DMD) is an active and diverse research field, with a wide variety of applications. However, these approaches typically come with limited accuracy, and a significant loss in resolution and intensity. We present a different approach: we construct orthonormal fields that can be generated exactly on phase-only hardware without loss of resolution or intensity. Our method can use any set of fields as a starting point and orthonormalize them. Our approach allows control over application-specific requirements such as smoothness, symmetry and overall shape. In many use cases, sets of orthonormal fields can be used as a 'drop-in replacement' for other sets of fields. We demonstrate the practical benefit of our approach in a wavefront shaping experiment, achieving a factor 1.5 increase in performance over a non-orthonormal phase-only basis. (c) 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement

关键词： Free space optics Modulation techniques Optical fields Phase modulation spatial light modulators Wave propagation

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Single-shot spatial light interference microscopy for dynamic monitoring of membrane fluctuations

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OPTICS LETTERS 2024年第17期49卷 4775-4778页

作者： Huang, Weinan Deng, Youwei Feng, Yueshu Shen, Binglin Guo, Jiaqing Hu, Rui Qu, Junle Liu, Liwei Shenzhen Univ Coll Phys & Optoelect Engn Key Lab Optoelect Devices & Syst Guangdong Prov Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ Coll Phys & Optoelect Engn Minist Educ Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China

Single-shot spatial light interference microscopy (SS-SLIM) with a pair of non-polarizing beam splitters is proposed for substantially enhancing the speed and efficiency of conventional SLIM systems. Traditional methods are limited by the need for multiple-frame serial modulation and acquisition by spatial light modulators and detectors. Our approach integrates non-polarizing beam splitters to simultaneously capture four phase-shifted intensity images, increasing the imaging speed by at least fourfold while maintaining high quality. This capability is crucial for effectively monitoring the dynamic fluctuations of red blood cell membranes. Furthermore, the potential applications of the SS-SLIM system in biomedical research are demonstrated, particularly in scenarios requiring high temporal resolution and label-free imaging. (c) 2024 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.

关键词： Beam splitters Imaging systems Phase contrast Phase shift Space division multiplexing spatial light modulators

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Role of spatial coherence in diffractive optical neural networks

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OPTICS EXPRESS 2024年第13期32卷 22986-22997页

作者： Filipovich, M. atthew j. Malyshev, A. leksei Lvovsky, A. I. Univ Oxford Clarendon Lab Parks Rd Oxford England Wood Ctr Innovat Lumai Quarry RdHeadington Oxford England

Diffractive optical neural networks (DONNs) have emerged as a promising optical hardware platform for ultra -fast and energy -efficient signal processing for machine learning tasks, particularly in computer vision. Previous experimental demonstrations of DONNs have only been performed using coherent light. However, many real -world DONN applications require consideration of the spatial coherence properties of the optical signals. Here, we study the role of spatial coherence in DONN operation and performance. We propose a numerical approach to efficiently simulate DONNs under incoherent and partially coherent input illumination and discuss the corresponding computational complexity. As a demonstration, we train and evaluate simulated DONNs on the MNIST dataset of handwritten digits to process light with varying spatial coherence.

关键词： Machine learning Machine vision Neural networks Optical neural systems Optical properties spatial light modulators

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High-security optical encryption based on single-pixel imaging and structured light multiplexing holography

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OPTICS LETTERS 2025年第7期50卷 2378-2381页

作者： Wang, Sheng Zhang, Zhenyu Zhou, Shangyin Xu, Bijun Wang, Xiaogang Zhejiang Univ Sci & Technol Dept Appl Phys Hangzhou 310023 Peoples R China

The applications of single-pixel imaging (SPI) and optical multiplexing techniques in optical encryption are gradually increasing. However, little attention has been given to integrating these two for applications. Here, we propose a dual-layer optical encryption scheme that combines sample region-dependent SPI and structured light multiplexing holography. In the encryption process, the bucket signal obtained by SPI and the position coordinates used to generate the structured illumination patterns for SPI will be encrypted into a holographic ciphertext through spatial-structured light multiplexing holography. During decryption, the bucket signal can be retrieved from the ciphertext using a binary matrix key, and the sampling region can be determined by illuminating the ciphertext with multi-ramp helical-conical beams. Thus, the original secret image can be successfully decrypted. This work takes advantage of the spatial mode multiplexing characteristics of the structured beams and the dependence of Fourier SPI encryption on the sampling region, thereby promoting the collaborative application of the two in the field of optical security. (c) 2025 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.

关键词： Multiplex holography Optical encryption Optical fields Optical security Single pixel imaging spatial light modulators

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