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A comparison of material and illumination discrimination performance for real rough, real smooth and computer generated smooth spheres 05

A comparison of material and illumination discrimination per...

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APGV 2005: 2nd symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Te Pas, Susan F. Pont, Sylvia C. Social Sciences Helmholtz Institute Utrecht University Physics and Astronomy Helmholtz Institute Utrecht University

ISBN: (纸本)1595931392

The appearance of objects in natural scenes is determined by their reflectance, their 3D texture, their shape and by the nature of the illumination. Results of previous experiments using computer generated images of spheres with different reflectance modes and under different canonical illuminations suggested that perception of reflectance mode and illumination are basically confounded. In the present study we investigate whether the conclusions from the experiments with simplified rendered spheres can be extended to ecologically valid images. We use two sets of photographs of real spheres, the first set is taken from the Dror Database [Dror et al. 2001], with simple reflectance modes but complex natural illumination (e.g. desklamp, lab, foodcourt). The second set is taken from the Utrecht Oranges Database [Pont and Koenderink 2003], with simple canonical illumination but material consisting of both reflectance and 3D texture differences (e.g. orange, golf ball, christmas decoration). We find that, although to a lesser extent, even in images of complex objects, perception of material and illumination are basically confounded. Overall, illumination and material are confounded most when we present rendered spheres that differ only in reflectance mode under simple canonical illumination conditions. Interestingly, adding complex natural illumination containing higher order angular frequencies helps to disambiguate this confound in material judgments, but not in illumination judgments. Most helpful was the addition of 3D texture. Copyright © 2005 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.

关键词： Computer graphics

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Reevaluating stereo and motion cues for visualizing graphs in three dimensions 05

Reevaluating stereo and motion cues for visualizing graphs i...

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APGV 2005: 2nd symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Ware, Colin Mitchell, Peter Data Visualization Research Lab. CCOM University of New Hampshire

ISBN: (纸本)1595931392

It has been known for some time that larger graphs can be interpreted if viewed in 3D than in 2D. Both kinetic depth cues and stereoscopic depth cues increase the size of the structure that can be interpreted, However, prior studies were carried out using displays that provided a level of detail far short of what the human visual system is capable of resolving. This is especially problematic because human stereoscopic vision is known to be a super-acuity, it operates best under conditions where fine details are present. Therefore we undertook a graph comprehension study using a very high resolution stereoscopic display. We examined the effect of stereo, kinetic depth and using 3D tubes versus lines to display the links, The results showed a much greater benefit for 3D viewing than previous studies. For example, with both motion and depth cues, unskilled observers could see paths between nodes in 333 node graphs with a better than 10% error rate. Skilled observers could see up to a 1000 node graph with less than a 10% error rate. This represented an order of magnitude increase over 2D display. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for information display. Copyright © 2005 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.

关键词： Graphic methods

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Auxiliary object knowledge influences visually-guided interception behavior 05

Auxiliary object knowledge influences visually-guided interc...

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APGV 2005: 2nd symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Battaglia, Peter W. Schratert, Paul R. Kersten, Daniel J. University of Minnesota

ISBN: (纸本)1595931392

This work investigated how humans integrate visual information with object knowledge for interception behavior. When attempting to intercept a moving object using only monocular visual information, the optimal interception position may be ambiguous-the observer may be viewing a small object that is near or a large object that is far away. Regardless, humans are quite adept at monocular interception so it is likely that additional information is incorporated to disambiguate the visual information. We hypothesize that object size information is integrated to accomplish this disambiguation. This sort of auxiliary information integration is well-defined by a Bayesian model of information propagation. We derived a Bayesian model that represents scene attributes relevant to intercepting an object and relations among these attributes. Our model combines sensory measurements with prior scene knowledge to infer an object's position. To test our model we asked participants to intercept a moving ball in virtual reality. In some trials participants were able to see and touch the ball before intercepting it, in others they were only able to see it. When allowed to touch the ball, participants showed improved interception performance. Effectively, they discounted the variation in image size that was caused by variation in object size to obtain more accurate knowledge of object distance. This discounting is consistent with Bayesian information propagation and confirms our hypothesis that human participants use Bayesian inference to estimate an object's distance for interception. Copyright © 2005 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.

关键词： Sensory perception

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Scene consistency and spatial presence increase the sensation of self-motion in virtual reality 05

Scene consistency and spatial presence increase the sensatio...

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APGV 2005: 2nd symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Riecke, Bernhard E. Schulte-Pelkum, Jörg Avraamides, Marios N. Von Der Heyde, Markus Bülthoff, Heinrich H. Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tübingen Germany Department of Psychology University of Cyprus SCC Bauhaus-Universität Weimar Germany

ISBN: (纸本)1595931392

The illusion of self-motion induced by moving visual stimuli ("vection") has typically been attributed to low-level, bottom-up perceptual processes. Therefore, past research has focused primarily on examining how physical parameters of the visual stimulus (contrast, number of vertical edges etc.) affect vection. Here, we investigated whether higher-level cognitive and top-down processes - namely global scene consistency and spatial presence - also contribute to the illusion. These factors were indirectly manipulated by presenting either a natural scene (the Tübingen market place) or various scrambled and thus globally inconsistent versions of the same stimulus. Due to the scene scrambling, the stimulus could no longer be perceived as a consistent 3D scene, which was expected to decrease spatial presence and thus impair vection. Twelve naive observers were asked to indicate the onset, intensity, and convincingness of circular vection induced by rotating visual stimuli presented on a curved projection screen (FOV: 54°×45°). Spatial presence was assessed using presence questionnaires. As predicted, scene scrambling impaired both vection and presence ratings for all dependent measures. Neither type nor severity of scrambling, however, showed any clear effect. The data suggest that higher-level information (the interpretation of the globally consistent stimulus as a 3D scene and stable reference frame) dominated over the low-level (bottom-up) information (more contrast edges in the scrambled stimuli, which are known to facilitate vection). Results suggest a direct relation between spatial presence and self-motion perception. We posit that stimuli depicting globally consistent, naturalistic scenes provide observers with a convincing spatial reference frame for the simulated environment which allows them to feel "spatially present" therein. We propose that this, in turn, increases the believability of the visual stimuli as a stable "scene" with respect to which visual moti

关键词： Computer graphics

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Space perception and cues to distance in virtual reality 04

Space perception and cues to distance in virtual reality

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Proceedings - 1st symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization, APGV 2004

作者： Messing, Ross Durgin, Frank Swarthmore College Department of Psychology United States

ISBN: (纸本)1581139144

The use of space perception and cues to distance in virtual reality (VR) is discussed. The real world viewed through an head mounted displays (HMD) by attaching a video camera to a V8 HMD. It was found that the Teghtsoonians' effect can be replicated in VR using verbal measures, but dose not influence visually directed walking. The results show that despite the shortcomings of HMDs in representing the scale of space, the geometry of visual space revealed in VR otherwise bears a striking resemblance to that found in real environment.

关键词： Virtual reality

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Causes of depth perception errors in stereo displays 04

Causes of depth perception errors in stereo displays

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Proceedings - 1st symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization, APGV 2004

作者： Hoskinson, Reynald Akai, Caitlin Fisher, Brian Dill, John Po, Barry University of British Columbia Canada Simon Fraser University Canada

ISBN: (纸本)1581139144

The individual differences in depth and size perception of stereo wall displays were discussed. Subject's size and distance estimation of spheres in the virtual and real world was compared to try quantify the impact of extraretinal inflow. The signal sent from the ocular muscles to the brain giving information on convergence and accommodation is called extra-retinal inflow. It was hypothesized that there's a need to focus on the plane of the stereo display while converging on the stereo image. It was predicted that any information.

关键词： Depth perception

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Lightness perception inspired tone mapping 04

Lightness perception inspired tone mapping

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Proceedings - 1st symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization, APGV 2004

作者： Krawczyk, Grzegorz Mantiuk, Rafal Myszkowski, Karol Seidel, Hans-Peter MPI Informatik Germany

ISBN: (纸本)1581139144

The use of lightness perception inspired tone mapping to keep perceptual correct brightness impression without manual tuning is discussed. The concept of this method is to divide the scene into areas of consistent luminace and to independently map the source luminance in each framework relative to the value perceived as white. The frameworks are then merged retaining the relation of perceived brightness between them. The inclusion of the self-luminosity effect prevents the compression of highlights and thus maintains the impression of dynamism, whereas linear mapping guarantees faithful reproduction of contrast and color especially visible in the outdoor part.

关键词： Image reconstruction

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Observations of visual and audio coaching methods in a virtual laparoscopic training environment 04

Observations of visual and audio coaching methods in a virtu...

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Proceedings - 1st symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization, APGV 2004

作者： Chan, Mavis Dill, John Payandeh, Shahram Exp. Robotics and Graphics Lab. School of Engineering Science Simon Fraser University Canada

ISBN: (纸本)1581139144

The use of visual and audio cues in the training environment in order to provide a more efficient learning process was discussed. The study was carried out using three coaching types which include, No Coaching (NC), Visual Coaching (VC), and Audio Coaching (AC). Subjects were asked to perform five trials with a particular coaching type and 5 more trials after the coaching was removed. It was found that the VC subjects showed the greatest improvement in total time, total path length, and depth perception after the visual cues were removed. It was also observed that the motion of the probe tips during the task became less smooth with practices.

关键词： Audio systems

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Effects of rendering on shape perception in automobile design 04

Effects of rendering on shape perception in automobile desig...

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Proceedings - 1st symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization, APGV 2004

作者： Ferwerda, James A. Westin, Stephen H. Smith, Randall C. Pawlicki, Richard Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University United States General Motors R and D

ISBN: (纸本)1581139144

The goal of this project was to determine if advanced rendering methods such as global illumination allow more accurate discrimination of shape differences than standard rendering methods such as OpenGL. To address these questions, we conducted two psychophysical experiments to measure observers' sensitivity to shape differences between a physical model and rendered images of the model. Two results stand out: The rendering method used has a significant effect on the ability to discriminate shape. In particular, under the conditions tested, global illumination rendering improves sensitivity to shape differences. Further, viewpoint appears to have an effect on the ability to discriminate shape. In most of the cases studied, sensitivity to small shape variations was poorer when the rendering and model viewpoints were different. The results of this work have important implications for our understanding of human shape perception and for the development of rendering tools for computer-aided design.

关键词： Sensory perception

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Perceiving translucent materials 04

Perceiving translucent materials

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Proceedings - 1st symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization, APGV 2004

作者： Fleming, Roland W. Jensen, Henrik Wann Bülthoff, Heinrich H. Max Planck Inst. for Biol. Cybernet. Germany Computer Graphics Laboratory UCSD United States

ISBN: (纸本)1581139144

Many common materials, including fruit, wax and human skin, are somewhat translucent. What makes an object look translucent or opaque? Here we use a recently developed computer graphics model of subsurface light transport [Jensen, et al., 2001] to study the factors that determine perceived translucency. We discuss how physical factors, such as light-source direction can alter the apparent translucency of an object, finding that objects are perceived to be more translucent when illuminated from behind than in front. We also study the role of a range of image cues, including colour, contrast and blur, in the perception of translucency. Although we learn a lot about images of translucent materials, we find that many simple candidate sources of information fail to predict how translucent an object looks. We suggest that the visual system does not rely solely on these simple image statistics to estimate translucency: the relevant stimulus information remains to be discovered.

关键词： Three dimensional computer graphics

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