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Secondary organic aerosol formation in China from urban-lifestyle sources: Vehicle exhaust and cooking emission

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023年第Part1期857卷 159340页

作者： Zhang, Zirui Zhu, Wenfei Hu, Min Wang, Hui Tang, Lizi Hu, Shuya Shen, Ruizhe Yu, Ying Song, Kai Tan, Rui Chen, Zheng Chen, Shiyi Canonaco, Francesco Prevot, Andre S. H. Guo, Song Peking Univ Coll Environm Sci & Engn State Key Joint Lab Environm Simulat & Pollut Con Int Joint Lab Reg Pollut ControlMinist Educ IJRC Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Paul Scherrer Inst PSI Lab Atmospher Chem CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Datalystica Ltd Pk InnovAARE CH-5234 Villigen Switzerland

An increasing number of people tend to live in cities, where they suffer from serious air pollution from anthropogenic sources. Vehicle exhaust and cooking emission are closely related to daily life of urban residents, and could be defined as "urban-lifestyle sources". The primary emissions of urban-lifestyle sources tend to form abundant secondary organic aerosols (SOA) through complicated atmospheric chemistry processes. The newly formed SOA is a kind of complex mixture and causes considerable health effects with high uncertainty. Most studies focus on formation pathway, mass growth potential and chemical feature of urban-lifestyle SOA under simple laboratory conditions. Few studies have measured the urban-lifestyle SOA in ambient air, let alone verified laboratory findings under complicated atmo-spheric conditions. In this work, we established a new method that combined laboratory simulation and field observa-tion, which quantified the urban-lifestyle SOA with high time resolution under the real atmospheric condition. The complex SOA was measured and resolved by a high-resolution time-of -flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). The multilinear engine model (ME-2) and multilinear correction methods were used to apply laboratory results into ambient SOA apportionment. It was found that the vehicle source dominated the SOA formation during the diur-nal photochemical process, and the SOA:POA ratio of vehicle source was about 1.4 times larger than that of cooking source. The vehicle emission may undergo an alcohol/peroxide & carboxylic acid oxidation pathway and form higher oxidized SOA, while the cooking emission may undergo an alcohol/peroxide oxidation pathway and form relatively lower oxidized SOA. The vehicle SOA and cooking SOA contributed 45.6 % and 24.8 % of OA during a local episode in 2021 winter of downtown Beijing. Our findings could not only provide a new way to quantify urban SOA but also demonstrate some laboratory hypotheses, conducing to unders

关键词： Urban air pollution Anthropogenic activities Source apportionment Aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) Field observation Laboratory simulation

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A New Safety Criterion for dynamics systems by Barrier Function based on Forward Invariant Set*

A New Safety Criterion for Dynamics Systems by Barrier Funct...

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Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical processes (SAFEprocess), CAA symposium on

作者： Zheren Zhu Yi Chai Zhihuan Song Pengfei Huang College of Ctrl. Sci. and Eng. Zhejiang University Hangzhou China College of Automation Chongqing University Chongqing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665401166

This paper has put a lot of effort into the enhancement the observability of the reciprocal barrier function at the boundary of forward invariant set. A exponential barrier function, which is essentially different from zeroing barrier function and can simplify the construction of barrier function without sum-of squares (SOS) programming of positive semi-definite polynomials, is designed to create a new safety criterion for a class of dynamic system. And it verifies that an exponential barrier function for its forward invariant and pre-compact set can make the system safe and uniformly asymptotically stable, even exponentially stable. Moreover, The exponential barrier function is applied to the establishment of corresponding control barrier function and control laws for a class of nonlinear dynamic control systems. Then, through simulation examples, the correctness of the theory has been visually verified.

关键词： Asymptotic stability Fault detection Stability criteria process control Programming control systems Safety

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Data-Driven Modeling of Dynamic systems Based on Online Learning

Data-Driven Modeling of Dynamic Systems Based on Online Lear...

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AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies symposium (EATS)

作者： Zhenhua Jiang Kelly Beigh University of Dayton Research Institute Dayton OH USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665413756

This paper presents modeling and prediction of the unknown dynamics from a variety of real-time operation data in complex physical processes or systems based on machine learning. More generally, this is a data-driven modeling approach based on physical knowledge at time of design and machine learning at runtime. The learning process may apply to the entire or partial system dynamics, while portions of the physical system dynamics may be known or given. The learned models together with the known physics-based equations can be widely used in control system design, for instance, as one component in a model predictive control (MPC) framework for integrated dynamic systems. Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks are chosen here, because they have additional stored states resulting from the past output, and the state storage can be internally controlled subject to the network status itself. Such controlled states can be regarded as gated states or memory blocks in a neural network, and they serve as key components of the LSTM neural network in controlling the information flow throughout the network. This paper provides technical details about the concept of a LSTM neural network that can be used to model and predict energy production in renewable sources, battery state of charge, engine fuel use (or energy efficiency), or energy demand of the payload in aerospace or energy system applications. The most compute-intensive part of the learning algorithm is solving a nonlinear optimization problem to minimize the total error between the predicted and actual outputs. After updating the learned model and parameters, the LSTM model implementation may perform certain computational steps in parallel, so as to accelerate the computing. The model learning and prediction processes can be implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA - a reconfigurable parallel computing device), for instance, on NI’s CompactRIO modules or PXI FPGA modules. As an example, an application

关键词： System dynamics Computational modeling Neural networks Machine learning Predictive models Logic gates Real-time systems

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A Real-Time Application with Fully Predictable Task Timing 23

A Real-Time Application with Fully Predictable Task Timing

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IEEE 23rd International symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)

作者： Platzer, Michael Puschner, Peter TU Wien Inst Comp Engn Vienna Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781728169583

Real-time control systems must adequately react to changes in system state within a time limit determined by the dynamics of the controlled system, otherwise their stability might be compromised. It is therefore essential to determine the WorstCase Execution Time (WCET) of the control algorithms to verify that they will always be able to satisfy that constraint. However, WCET analysis is a complex process, requiring manual intervention, and the computed bounds are often grossly overestimated. We avoid the difficulties of WCET estimation by making use of the single-path paradigm for the implementation of the control algorithm for a quadcopter. By using single-path code we do not only replace the cumbersome WCET analysis with a single measurement, we simultaneously avoid the detrimental effects of response-time variability. We show that single-path code can be applied to real-time controllers and that it is practical for dramatically simplifying WCET analysis as well as eliminating variability in the execution time. Our results show that despite its apparent inefficiency, the WCET of single-path code on a timepredictable soft microprocessor rivals that of a state-of-the-art superscalar processor.

关键词： single-path real-time control predictable timing

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Predictive control of processes with utilization of artificial intelligence elements 31

Predictive control of processes with utilization of artifici...

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31st International DAAAM Virtual symposium "Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation"

作者： Blahova, Marta Mach, Vaclav Valouch, Jan

ISBN: (纸本)9783902734297

Predictive process control is a method of regulation suitable for controlling various types of systems, which is based on the idea of using the prediction of future system behavior and its optimization. Normally, a system model is used to predict behavior, and therefore it is necessary for the correct function of predictive control to make its correct selection and determine its parameters so that the controlled system is described as accurately as possible. Another advantage of predictive control is the possibility of including signal restrictions directly in the controller. The result is the application of some elements of artificial intelligence in suitable areas of predictive control, especially the use of simple evolutionary algorithms in optimization and neural networks as nonlinear models. One of the chapters of the article describes the possibilities of using these elements. It is proved that in addition to classical optimization algorithms, it is also possible to use simple evolutionary algorithms for optimization of prediction, while the computational complexity can be comparable depending on the type of solved problem and settings. The article describes a suitable selection of model systems with slow dynamics, their derivation, and the creation of nonlinear models in the form of scalable neural networks. The potential advantage of this approach for the control of systems that are difficult to describe or for the control of systems whose mathematical-physical description is not known. The chapter of the article also deals with the possibility of using the found models on real systems and determining the necessary conditions and requirements for their application. © 2020 Danube Adria Association for Automation and Manufacturing, DAAAM. All rights reserved.

关键词： Evolutionary algorithms

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10th International Munich Chassis symposium, IMCS 2019

10th International Munich Chassis Symposium, IMCS 2019

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10th International Munich Chassis symposium, IMCS 2019

ISBN: (纸本)9783658264345

The proceedings contain 55 papers. The special focus in this conference is on Munich Chassis. The topics include: The chassis market and technology trends – understanding the impact of automotive megatrends on the chassis sector;will driving still be fun in the future? Vehicle dynamics systems through the ages;challenge to front-loading of the vehicle development using virtual prototyping and reformation of the process;an introduction to Porsche’s Le Mans winning 919 Hybrid and its chassis development;a solution for future urban mobility: the Schaeffler mover – the fusion of chassis and drive;new concept for the front and rear suspension taking advantage of the opportunity offered by the electrification process;detection of wet road conditions in the new generation of the 911;liability risks in the design and execution of tests and simulations;Simplified modeling of self-excited rear axle wheel shimmy vibrations by using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD);quasi-static and dynamic suspension measurements vs. multi-body and real-time simulation results;model-based parameter identification of a virtual vehicle model – time-effective step-up for steering performance development;vehicle side-slip angle estimation with deep neural network and sensor data fusion;potentials of modern active suspension control strategies – from model predictive control to deep learning approaches;deep learning for lateral vehicle control – an end-to-end trained multi-fusion steering model;challenges and benefits for lightweight chassis components focusing on rear axle development;innovative use of composites in suspension systems;attribute-based development of driver assistance systems;new steer-by-wire concept to simplify steering system integration.

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Multi-degree-of-freedom joint nonlinear motion control with considering the friction effect

Multi-degree-of-freedom joint nonlinear motion control with ...

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International symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI)

作者： Jiashuai Yang Guoyuan Zhang Liewen Wang Jie Wang Hao Wang School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering Xidian University Xi'an China

ISBN: (数字)9781728180533

ISBN: (纸本)9781728180540

Friction effect between joints needs to be considered in the fast changeover process of the dulcimer robot which is oriented to precise position control. A complete nonlinear dynamic equation with coulomb friction model for a six-degree-of-freedom robot is proposed. Based on Solidworks and Matlab SimMechanics dynamics model, the transformation and simulation of the above dynamic equations are completed, and the joint motion parameter recognition for the end positions is obtained. The results show that with and without considering the friction, the maximum difference on the moment response of joints of the robot is 7%. In order to precisely control the movement of each joint, a track tracking method combining traditional PID control and adaptive fuzzy PID control is proposed, and the angular difference of each joint track can keep within the range below 0.08 rad. The research process and results provide a theoretical reference for improving the high-speed position accuracy and evaluating the response characteristics of the multi -degree-of-freedom dulcimer robot, and have important engineering reference for ensuring the accurate acquisition of the multi-degree-of-freedom robot's motion.

关键词： Solid modeling Friction Trajectory Nonlinear dynamical systems Mathematical model Motion control Robots

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Online control of random access with splitting 20

Online control of random access with splitting

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21st ACM International symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, MobiHoc 2020

作者： Toor, Waqas Tariq Seo, Jun-Bae Jin, Hu Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan Pakistan Hanyang University Ansan Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)9781450380157

For slotted random access systems, the slotted ALOHA protocol provides the maximum throughput of 0.368 (packets/slot) while in the category of splitting (or tree) algorithms, the maximum achievable throughput can reach up to 0.487 with the first-come first-serve (FCFS) algorithm. It has been so far demonstrated that the FCFS algorithm can achieve this maximum throughput only for Poisson traffic. This may limit its application in practical systems, where packet arrivals may not be Poissonian. In this paper, we propose a novel online transmission control framework that introduces random splitting upon collisions and controls the transmission probabilities optimally at each slot by estimating the number of active users in the system. The proposed algorithm is said to be online as it estimates the number of active users slot by slot recursively, and thus can adapt to network dynamics. We first show that the splitting algorithm of our interest can achieve the throughput of 0.532 if the number of users involved in a collision could be known, which serves as a guideline for the upper limit for the random access systems with splitting. Then, when the information on the number of collided users is not available, we show that the proposed algorithm can achieve the maximum throughput of 0.487 for Poisson arrivals while achieving shorter access delay than FCFS. When more bursty traffic than Poisson process is applied, the proposed algorithm shows much better throughput and delay performance than FCFS. © 2020 ACM.

关键词： Trees (mathematics)

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Distributed fault-tolerant consensus control for uncertain nonlinear multi-agent systems 3

Distributed fault-tolerant consensus control for uncertain n...

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3rd International symposium on Autonomous systems (ISAS)

作者： Li, Zhijie Hua, Changchun Li, Kuo Yanshan Univ Inst Elect Engn Qinhuangdao Hebei Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728112985

This paper investigates a distributed fault-tolerant consensus control problem for a class of uncertain nonlinear multi-agent systems with actuator faults and process faults. Most of the existing works about tolerant control for multi-agent systems solely consider actuator faults. Different from the works, the proposed faults in this paper are more comprehensive subjecting to both actuator faults and process faults. For the uncertain nonlinear term, we propose a less conservative Lipschitz condition. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, it is proved strictly that the proposed controllers make the followers reach consensus with the leader. Finally, a simulation example is given to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical result.

关键词： multi-agent systems leader-following consensus fault-tolerant control unmodeled dynamics

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Towards Vehicle-Level Simulator Aided Failure Mode, Effect, and Diagnostic Analysis of Automotive Power Electronics Items 21

Towards Vehicle-Level Simulator Aided Failure Mode, Effect, ...

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21st IEEE Latin-American Test symposium (LATS)

作者： Sini, J. D'Auria, M. Violante, M. Politecn Torino Control & Comp Engn Dept DAUIN Turin Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781728187310

The increasing demand for Electronic control Units able to perform safety-relevant tasks leads the automotive industry to find novel verification methodologies, capable to decrease the time-to-market and, at the same time, to improve the quality of the assessment. The IS026262:2018 automotive functional safety standard requires to follow a strict development process, compliant with its "safety lifecycle". It includes all the phases of the item life, from the concept to the decommissioning. The phase that places most difficulties about its objectivity and repeatability is the hardware/software integration verification since, usually, the software is in charge to mitigate the effects of some possible hardware failures. This paper proposes a novel technique, based on a simulation-based approach, to aid the designers during the Failure Mode, Effect, and Diagnostic Analysis (FMEDA). We consider a power electronics module, to be embedded into electric vehicles powertrains, as a challenging practical example. We performed some tests on it, considering a rear traction car with two independent electric motors, one per each wheel. This system, to allow the vehicle to curve, has to act like a differential gear. Hence, it has a strong safety impact on the driveability of the car. All the involved components have been simulated propagating their behaviours up to the entire vehicle. Due the strong coupling between item failures and vehicle dynamics, a structured way based on coupling fault injection with vehicle dynamic simulation is desirable.

关键词： Circuit faults Hardware Software Microcontrollers Safety Automotive electronics Embedded systems failure analysis ISO 26262 standard Reliability

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