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Probabilistic Answer Set programming with Discrete and Continuous Random Variables

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Azzolini, Damiano Riguzzi, Fabrizio Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy

Probabilistic Answer Set programming under the credal semantics (PASP) extends Answer Set programming with probabilistic facts that represent uncertain information. The probabilistic facts are discrete with Bernoulli distributions. However, several real-world scenarios require a combination of both discrete and continuous random variables. In this paper, we extend the PASP framework to support continuous random variables and propose Hybrid Probabilistic Answer Set programming (HPASP). Moreover, we discuss, implement, and assess the performance of two exact algorithms based on projected answer set enumeration and knowledge compilation and two approximate algorithms based on sampling. Empirical results, also in line with known theoretical results, show that exact inference is feasible only for small instances, but knowledge compilation has a huge positive impact on the performance. Sampling allows handling larger instances, but sometimes requires an increasing amount of memory. Under consideration in theory and practice of logic programming (TPLP). © 2024, CC BY.

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Inlining external sources in answer set programs

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Redl, Christoph Institute of Logic and Computation Vienna University of Technology Favoritenstraße 9-11 ViennaA-1040 Austria

HEX-programs are an extension of answer set programs (ASP) with external sources. To this end, external atoms provide a bidirectional interface between the program and an external source. The traditional evaluation algorithm for HEX-programs is based on guessing truth values of external atoms and verifying them by explicit calls of the external source. The approach was optimized by techniques that reduce the number of necessary verification calls or speed them up, but the remaining external calls are still expensive. In this paper we present an alternative evaluation approach based on inlining of external atoms, motivated by existing but less general approaches for specialized formalisms such as DL-programs. External atoms are then compiled away such that no verification calls are necessary. The approach is implemented in the dlvhex reasoner. Experiments show a significant performance gain. Besides performance improvements, we further exploit inlining for extending previous (semantic) characterizations of program equivalence from ASP to HEX-programs, including those of strong equivalence, uniform equivalence and hH, Bi-equivalence. Finally, based on these equivalence criteria, we characterize also inconsistency of programs wrt. extensions. Since well-known ASP extensions (such as constraint ASP) are special cases of HEX, the results are interesting beyond the particular formalism. Under consideration in theory and practice of logic programming (TPLP). Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： logic programming

Constraint answer set programming: Integrational and translational (or SMT-based) approaches

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Lierler, Yuliya University of Nebraska Omaha United States

Constraint answer set programming or CASP, for short, is a hybrid approach in automated reasoning putting together the advances of distinct research areas such as answer set programming, constraint processing, and satisfiability modulo theories. Constraint answer set programming demonstrates promising results, including the development of a multitude of solvers: ACSOLVER, CLINGCON, EZCSP, IDP, INCA, DINGO, MINGO, ASPMT2SMT, CLINGO[L,DL], and EZSMT. It opens new horizons for declarative programming applications such as solving complex train scheduling problems. Systems designed to find solutions to constraint answer set programs can be grouped according to their construction into, what we call, integrational or translational approaches. The focus of this paper is an overview of the key ingredients of the design of constraint answer set solvers drawing distinctions and parallels between integrational and translational approaches. The paper also provides a glimpse at the kind of programs its users develop by utilizing a CASP encoding of Travelling Salesman problem for illustration. In addition, we place the CASP technology on the map among its automated reasoning peers as well as discuss future possibilities for the development of CASP. Under consideration in theory and practice of logic programming (TPLP). © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Traveling salesman problem

Scaling-up reasoning and advanced analytics on bigdata

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Condie, Tyson Das, Ariyam Interlandi, Matteo Shkapsky, Alexander Yang, Mohan Zaniolo, Carlo University of California Los Angeles United States

BigDatalog is an extension of Datalog that achieves performance and scalability on both Apache Spark and multicore systems to the point that its graph analytics outperform those written in GraphX. Looking back, we see how this realizes the ambitious goal pursued by deductive database researchers beginning forty years ago: This is the goal of combining the rigor and power of logic in expressing queries and reasoning with the performance and scalability by which relational databases managed Big Data. This goal led to Datalog which is based on Horn Clauses like Prolog but employs implementation techniques, such as Semi-naïve Fixpoint and Magic Sets, that extend the bottom-up computation model of relational systems, and thus obtain the performance and scalability that relational systems had achieved, as far back as the 80s, using data-parallelization on shared-nothing architectures. But this goal proved difficult to achieve because of major issues at (i) the language level and (ii) at the system level. The paper describes how (i) was addressed by simple rules under which the fixpoint semantics extends to programs using count, sum and extrema in recursion, and (ii) was tamed by parallel compilation techniques that achieve scalability on multicore systems and Apache Spark. This paper is under consideration for acceptance in theory and practice of logic programming (TPLP). Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： logic programming

ALCOHOL EDUCATION RESEARCH AND practice - A logicAL ANALYSIS OF THE 2 REALITIES

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JOURNAL OF DRUG EDUCATION 1986年第4期16卷 349-365页

作者： GOODSTADT, MS ADDICT RES FDN EDUC RES PROGRAM 33 RUSSELL ST TORONTO M5S 2S1 ONTARIO CANADA

The assumptions underlying alcohol education programs, and the impact of such programs are examined from the perspectives of inferential and deductive logic. The inconclusiveness of empirical evidence concerning program effectiveness leads to the adoption of a position of "relative agnosticism," according to which we can compensate for our state of empirical ignorance by giving greater attention to the deductive logic implied in the assumptions underlying alcohol education. Common flaws in the deductive logic of alcohol education are identified; a series of increasingly sound underlying syllogisms is proposed, leading to the establishment of (inductively and deductively) logically sound objectives and targets for alcohol education programs. A review of existing empirical evidence concerning effectiveness of alcohol education is combined with the outcome of the deductive-logical analysis, resulting in a series of explicit, realistic, recommendations for effective alcohol programming.

关键词： Alcohol Education Deduction Influences logic logical Thinking Program Effectiveness Research and Development theory practice Relationship

A step forward in the theory and practice of ICT management simulation

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A step forward in the theory and practice of ICT management ...

作者： Ilkov, I.G. Technische Universiteit Delft

The popularity of animated simulation as a tool for modeling and analyzing business processes is growing. This is due to the fact that it offers a number of benefits for modeling such processes, among which the ability to capture their stochastic character, represent the changes in their characteristics in the course of time and model and visualize their dynamic behavior. The current research focuses on the application of animated simulation for the modeling of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) management processes. A number of issues in building simulation models of such processes are identified, which include the lack of generally adopted concepts and approaches and the low degree of comparability and reusability of the results of simulation studies. In order to address these issues a conceptual framework, a set of reusable simulation constructs and a step-by-step approach for simulating ICT management processes were developed as part of this research. The conceptual framework allows for capturing relevant characteristics of these processes, among which the tasks carried out as part of the processes, the workplaces at which they are carried out, the exchanged information and the used equipment. The simulation constructs, implemented as a simulation template in the ARENA simulation environment, provide the programming definitions and logic necessary to represent these characteristics in a simulation model. The step-by-step approach describes the steps that have to be taken to build such a model using the developed conceptual framework and simulation constructs. The way in which the conceptual framework, the simulation template and the step-by-step approach can be applied for building ICT management simulation models is described based on two test cases carried out in two organizations in The Netherlands.

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Macroprogramming: Concepts, State of the Art, and Opportunities of Macroscopic Behaviour Modelling

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Casadei, Roberto Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna Italy

Macroprogramming refers to the theory and practice of conveniently expressing the macro(scopic) behaviour of a system using a single program. Macroprogramming approaches are motivated by the need of effectively capturing global/system-level aspects and the collective behaviour of a set of interacting components, while abstracting over low-level details. In the past, this style of programming has been primarily adopted to describe the data-processing logic in wireless sensor networks;recently, research forums on spatial computing, collective adaptive systems, and Internet-of-Things have provided renewed interest in macro-approaches. However, related contributions are still fragmented and lacking conceptual consistency. Therefore, to foster principled research, an integrated view of the field is provided, together with opportunities and challenges. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Computation theory

PRODUCT MODULARIZATION CONSIDERING COST AND MANUFACTURABILITY OF MODULES

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING-theory APPLICATIONS AND practice 2008年第2期15卷 132-142页

作者： Nepal, Bimal Monplaisir, Leslie Singh, Nanua Yaprak, Attila Texas A&M Univ Ind Distribut Program Dwight Look Coll Engn College Stn TX 77843 USA Wayne State Univ Dept Ind & Mfg Engn Detroit MI 48202 USA Wayne State Univ Sch Business Adm Detroit MI 48202 USA

It is argued that modular architecture allows us to create large product variety at lower cost, and in a shorter development cycle time. While it has been widely recognized that modular design improves assemblability, the manufacturability of modules themselves have rarely been considered during modularization. This paper presents a formal and integrated framework for product modularization by optimizing manufacturability of modules and costs of modularization during the earlier stages of product development. A fuzzy logic approach is used to handle the vague and imprecise product information available during the concept development phase of product development. The framework also facilitates sensitivity analysis to provide design engineers and managers with deeper insights on tradeoffs among conflicting design objectives. The methodology is validated through a case study on the modularization of an automotive climate control system. Significance: This paper emphasizes manufacturability and the cost of modularizations while determining optimal modules;it is a newer approach to modularization that is validated through a case study from the automotive industry.

关键词： Goal programming Product Modularization Manufacturability Costs of Modularization

Discussion on Teaching of Programmable logic Controller for Outstanding Engineers Education

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Discussion on Teaching of Programmable Logic Controller for ...

2015 2nd International Conference on Creative Education(ICCE 2015)

作者： Bo Li Yue Li School of Automation Engineering Northeast Dianli University

The education and training for outstanding engineers is a comprehensive strategy. It relates to many aspects, such as curriculum development and teaching material selection, the investment of teaching equipments and experimental facilities, theory and practice teaching, performance evaluation mechanism, on campus study and off campus exercise, learning before graduation and application after graduation, and so on. It needs collaborative optimization and improvement together of these aspects. Programmable logic controller(PLC) has become a required course in engineering colleges, because of its wide application prospect. In this paper, we analyze the factors that influence the teaching and training of outstanding engineers taking the course of PLC as an example, and we illustrate the technique and methods that mastering PLC programming taking a large number of sequence control in power plant as examples.

关键词： Outstanding engineers Programmable logic controller Applied talents