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AN AUTOMATED TARGET RECOGNITION TECHNIQUE FOR image SEGMENTATION AND SCENE ANALYSIS 5

AN AUTOMATED TARGET RECOGNITION TECHNIQUE FOR IMAGE SEGMENTA...

引用

5th International conference on applications of Artificial Neural Networks

作者： BAUMGART, CW CIARCIA, CA EG & G ENERGY MEASUREMENTS INC LOS ALAMOS OPERATLOS ALAMOSNM 87544

ISBN: (纸本)0819415472

Automated target recognition (ATR) software has been designed to perform image segmentation and scene analysis. Specifically, this software was developed as a package for the Army's Minefield and Reconnaissance and Detector (MIRADOR) program. MIRADOR is an on/off road, remote control, multisensor system designed to detect buried and surface-emplaced metallic and nonmetallic antitank mines. The basic requirements for this ATR software were the following: (1) an ability to separate target objects from the background in low signal-noise (SIN) conditions;(2) an ability to handle a relatively high dynamic range in imaging light levels;(3) the ability to compensate for or remove light source effects such as shadows;and (4) the ability to identify target objects as mines. The image segmentation and target evaluation was performed using an integrated and parallel processing approach. Three basic techniques (texture analysis, edge enhancement, and contrast enhancement) were used collectively to extract all potential mine target shapes from the basic image. Target evaluation was then performed using a combination of size, geometrical, and fractal characteristics, which resulted in a calculated probability for each target shape. Overall results with this algorithm were quite good, though there is a tradeoff between detection confidence and the number of false alarms. This technology also has applications in the areas of hazardous waste site remediation, archaeology, and law enforcement. © 1994 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： image segmentation

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DEFECT INSPECTION OF PERIODIC PATTERNS WITH LOW-ORDER DISTORTIONS

DEFECT INSPECTION OF PERIODIC PATTERNS WITH LOW-ORDER DISTOR...

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20th Annual SPIE conference on Machine Vision applications in Industrial Inspection

作者： KHALAJ, BH AGHAJAN, H PAULRAJ, A KAILATH, T STANFORD UNIV DEPT ELECT ENGNINFORMAT SYST LABSTANFORDCA 94305

ISBN: (纸本)0819414786

A self-reliance technique is developed for detecting defects in repeated pattern wafers and masks with low-order distortions. If the patterns are located on a perfect rectangular grid, it is possible to estimate the period of repeated patterns in both directions, and then produce a defect-free reference image for making comparison with the actual image. But in some applications, the repeated patterns are somehow shifted from their desired position on a rectangular grid, and the aforementioned algorithm cannot be directly applied. In these situations, to produce a defect-free reference image and locate the defected cells, it is necessary to estimate the amount of misalignment of each cell beforehand. The proposed technique first estimates the misalignment of repeated patterns in each row and column. After estimating the location of all cells in the image, a defect-free reference image is generated by averaging over all the cells and is compared with the input image to localize the possible defects.

关键词： Semiconducting wafers Inspection Defect detection Photomasks Databases Defect inspection image filtering LCDs signal processing Wafer inspection

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ANALYSIS OF JOINT BIT-RATE CONTROL IN MULTI-PROGRAM image-CODING

ANALYSIS OF JOINT BIT-RATE CONTROL IN MULTI-PROGRAM IMAGE-CO...

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conference on Visual Communications and image processing 94

作者： KEESMAN, G ELIAS, D PHILIPS RES LABS EINDHOVEN 5656 AA EINDHOVENNETHERLANDS

ISBN: (纸本)081941638X

Variable bit-rate compression is known to be more efficient than constant bit-rate (CBR) compression. However, since most transmission media convey a constant bit-rate, most applications use CBR compression. In multi-program applications such as satellite and cable television a technique called joint bit-rate control can be used. With joint bit-rate control the bit rates of individual programs are allows to vary but the sum of all bit rates is kept constant. Since a joint control is involved, the encoders should be geographically close. Joint bit-rate control is considered to be different from a technique called statistical multiplexing which is proposed in combination with ATM networks. In this paper, the benefits of joint bit-rate control are studied. This study involves both a theoretical analysis and a verification with experiments. Both theory and practice indicate that joint bit-rate control gives a significant gain even for a small number of programs. For instance, extra programs can be transmitted over the same channel if joint bit-rate control is used.

关键词： image TELEVISION COMPRESSION MPEG STATISTICAL MULTIPLExING BIT-RATE CONTROL

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CONSTANT FALSE ALARM RATE TARGET DETECTION IN CLUTTER - A NEURAL processing ALGORITHM 5

CONSTANT FALSE ALARM RATE TARGET DETECTION IN CLUTTER - A NE...

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5th International conference on applications of Artificial Neural Networks

作者： AMOOZEGAR, F SUNDARESHAN, MK UNIV ARIZONA DEPT EXPTL PATHOLTUCSONAZ 85721

ISBN: (纸本)0819415472

A serious degradation in detection probability of conventional Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) processors used in the automatic detection of radar targets results from a reduction in the number of available reference cells. Several factors such as any constraints on the radar system used (in terms of resolution and sampling time), presence of interfering targets and nonstationary clutter may contribute to the reduction in the number of reference cells. This paper presents a novel neural network-based CFAR detection scheme (referred to as NN- CFAR scheme) that offers robust performance in the face of loss of reference cells. This scheme employs a multilayer feedforward neural network trained by error backpropagation approach using the optimal detector as the teacher. The excellent pattern classification capabilities of trained neural networks are exploited in this application to effectively counter performance degradations due to reduced reference window sizes. In particular it is demonstrated that a neural network implementation of the CFAR detection scheme provides an efficient approach for accommodating more input parameters without increasing design complexity for countering the information loss due to reduced reference window size. Precise quantitative performance evaluation of the NN-CFAR scheme are conducted in a variety of situations that include both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous clutter backgrounds and the target detection performance is compared with that of the traditional CA-CFAR scheme to highlight the benefits.

关键词： Neural networks Sensors signal to noise ratio Target detection Radar Detection and tracking algorithms Palladium signal detection image classification Thulium

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APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC HUFFMAN CODING TO image SEQUENCE COMPRESSION

APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC HUFFMAN CODING TO IMAGE SEQUENCE COMP...

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conference on Visual Communications and image processing 94

作者： JEON, B PARK, J JEONG, J SAMSUNG ELECTR CO SIGNAL PROC LABSUWONSOUTH KOREA

ISBN: (纸本)081941638X

In many image sequence compression applications, Huffman coding is used to reduce statistical redundancy in quantized transform coefficients. The Huffman codeword table is often pre-defined to reduce coding delay and table transmission overhead. Local symbol statistics, however, may be much different from the global one manifested in the pre-defined table. In this paper, we propose a dynamic Huffman coding method which can adaptively modify the given codeword and symbol association according to the local statistics. Over a certain set of blocks, local symbol statistics is observed and used to re-associate the symbols to the codewords in such a way that shorter codewords are assigned to more frequency symbols. This modified code table is used to code the next set of blocks. A parameter is set up so that the relative degree of sensitivity of the local statistics to the global one can be controlled. By performing the same modification to the code table using the decoded symbols, it is possible to keep up with the code table changes in receiving side. The code table modification information need not be transmitted to the receiver. Therefore, there is no extra transmission overhead in employing this method.

关键词： image compression Computer programming Receivers image transmission Quantization Adaptive control Algorithm development Data compression image quality Process control

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MPEG-4 - VERY-LOW BIT-RATE CODING FOR MULTIMEDIA applications

MPEG-4 - VERY-LOW BIT-RATE CODING FOR MULTIMEDIA APPLICATION...

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conference on Visual Communications and image processing 94

作者： CORSET, I JEANNIN, S BOUCHARD, L LABS ELECTR PHILIPS DIGITAL PROC GRPF-94453 LIMEIL BREVANNESFRANCE

ISBN: (纸本)081941638X

Following the development of digital communications, focus is now on interactive multimedia services on telephone networks. To provide such applications, very low bit rate video coding algorithms have to be designed and optimized. A standardization process is being started within MPEG under the MPEG-4 denomination, to build a generic scheme for bit rates from 10 to 64 kbit/s. The Laboratories d'Electronique Philips are currently involved in European projects which are devoting their efforts to the elaboration of a common European proposal towards MPEG-4. This paper gives an overview of the research status on very low bit rate video coding within Philips and within Europe. Most of the European studies are concerned with region based compression technique; emphasis will therefore be put on the two major algorithms enhancing this technique.

关键词： VIDEO COMPRESSION REGION ORIENTED COMPRESSION TECHNIQUE MPEG-4 VERY LOW BIT RATE CODING MULTIMEDIA

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NEURAL-NETWORK IMPLEMENTATION OF MATHEMATICAL MORPHOLOGY OPERATION 5

NEURAL-NETWORK IMPLEMENTATION OF MATHEMATICAL MORPHOLOGY OPE...

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5th International conference on applications of Artificial Neural Networks

作者： TAO, P SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIV INST IMAGE PROCSHANGHAI 200030PEOPLES R CHINA

ISBN: (纸本)0819415472

This paper proposes a feedforward neural network structure to realize the mathematical morphology operations (MMO), namely: HMT (Hit and Miss Transformation), dilation, erosion, opening, closing, and the union and intersection (for multistructuring elements and multioperators) of them. Different kinds of operations can be implemented by assigning the weights, the threshold values and the architecture of the network according to the operation itself to be implemented. A general expression relating the weight value, threshold value to the configuration of the structuring element for different operations is derived, the assigning of the values becomes merely straight-forward training procedure of the proposed network. Also, it is proved that with a single hidden layer, all the MMO can be implemented by the ANN. The most interesting aspect of the method proposed is the reduction of on-line operation steps, which for conventional MMO algorithm consist of a series of operations processed consecutively. As a extension of the method, Boolean function implementations of the operations are also proposed, in which, the concept of collection of basic `And' structuring elements is presented. We prove that all MMO sequence can be implemented by a 2-layer logic gate array (or 3 layers in the sense of node levels).

关键词： Berkelium Logic devices Mathematical morphology Neural networks Binary data Network architectures signal processing Transform theory Logic Parallel processing

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EVALUATION OF A CHARGE INJECTION DEVICE ARRAY 4

EVALUATION OF A CHARGE INJECTION DEVICE ARRAY

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conference on Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors IV

作者： NINKOV, Z TANG, C EASTON, RL ROCHESTER INST TECHNOL CTR IMAGING SCIOPT SCI GRPROCHESTERNY 14623

ISBN: (纸本)0819414670

A Charge Injection Device Technologies 512 x 512 CID array has been tested at liquid nitrogen temperature to assess its suitability for use in low light applications. The CID-38 chip used was installed in a SICam dewar/electronics from CIDTEC. For this particular system the noise floor was measured to be approximately equals 260 electrons rms for a single readout. Using the nondestructive readout option an approximately equals (root)N, where N is the number of readouts, improvement in this noise figure can be achieved. The average dark current at 77 degree(s)K was not measurable in a three-hour dark integration.

关键词： Camera shutters Electrons Interference (communication) Tin image processing Nondestructive evaluation Algorithm development Chlorine Liquids signal to noise ratio

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HIGH-PERFORMANCE REAL-TIME CLASSIFICATION PROCESSOR USING CONVENTIONAL AND NEURAL processing TECHNIQUES

HIGH-PERFORMANCE REAL-TIME CLASSIFICATION PROCESSOR USING CO...

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4th International conference on Automatic Object Recognition

作者： SHEARS, R GEC MARCONI AVION LTD DIV SENSORSFUTURE SYST K205BASILDON SS14 3ELESSEXENGLAND

ISBN: (纸本)0819415383

Future systems must intelligently preprocess an increasingly large volume of sensor data in real time within the constraints of an airborne environment. A compact, flightworthy, real time sensor processor has been developed which can host both conventional and neural processing algorithms. This will support a wide range of applications including high performance target classification from high resolution infrared imagery. The architecture features software reconfigurability to support different processing tasks and modular upgrade potential. Accurate classification of ship imagery has been demonstrated, using real airborne trials data produced under a range of operating conditions. The system is currently continuing to undergo airborne trials.

关键词： Software development Detection and tracking algorithms Video Digital signal processing image classification Neural networks Video processing Algorithm development Sensors Computer architecture

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SENSOR FUSION FOR TARGET RECOGNITION - A REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS AND A POTENTIAL APPROACH TO MULTISENSOR REQUIREMENTS ALLOCATION

SENSOR FUSION FOR TARGET RECOGNITION - A REVIEW OF FUNDAMENT...

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20th Infrared Technology conference

作者： HARNEY, RC Orlando FL USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819415936

In the first part of this paper, a brief tutorial review of sensor fusion for target recognition applications is presented. In this context, relevant aspects of system architecture, sensor integration, and data fusion are discussed. Several unresolved issues in the practical implementation of sensor fusion are identified; significant among these are the rationale for selection of a sensor suite and a means for optimal allocation of requirements between sensors. In the second part, a novel methodology offering the potential for resolving these two issues is presented. An approach to defining sensor data information content is described. Coupling this approach with accepted rules of thumb describing target recognition capabilities results in a quantitative method for comparing the target recognition ability of diverse sensors (imagers, non-imagers, active, passive, electromagnetic, acoustic, etc.). Extension to describing the performance of multiple sensors is straightforward. Application of the technique to sensor selection and requirements allocation is discussed.

关键词： Sensors Target recognition LIDAR image processing Infrared technology signal to noise ratio Spatial resolution Sensor fusion Thermography image sensors

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