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Detection of microcalcifications in mammograms using wavelets

Detection of microcalcifications in mammograms using wavelet...

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Wavelet applications in signal and image processing II

作者： Strickland, Robin N. Hahn, Hee I. Univ. of Arizona Tucson AZ USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819416274

Clusters of fine, granular microcalcifications in mammograms may be an early sign of disease. Individual grains are difficult to detect and segment due to size and shape variability and because the background mammogram texture is typically inhomogeneous. We present a two-stage method based on wavelet transforms for detecting and segmenting calcifications. The first stage consists of a full resolution wavelet transform, which is simply the conventional filter bank implementation without downsampling, so that all sub-bands remain at full size. Four octaves are computed with two inter-octave voices for finer scale resolution. By appropriate selection of the wavelet basis the detection of microcalcifications in the relevant size range can be nearly optimized in the details sub-bands. In fact, the separable 2D filters which transform the input image into the HH details sub-bands are closely related to pre-whitening matched filters for detecting Gaussian objects (idealized microcalcifications) in Markov noise (background noise). The second stage is designed to overcome the limitations of the simplistic Gaussian assumption and provides a useful segmentation of calcifications boundaries. Detected pixel sites in the LH, HL, and HH sub-bands are heavily weighted before computing the inverse wavelet transform. The LL component is omitted since gross spatial variations are of little interest. Individual microcalcifications are often greatly enhanced in the output image, to the point where straightforward thresholding can be applied to segment them. FROC curves are computed from tests using a well-known database of digitized mammograms. A true positive fraction of 85% is achieved at 0.5 false positives per image.

关键词： Medical imaging

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Design of regular 2D nonseparable wavelets/filter banks using transformations of variables

Design of regular 2D nonseparable wavelets/filter banks usin...

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Wavelet applications in signal and image processing II

作者： Tay, David B. Kingsbury, Nick G. Univ. of Cambridge Cambridge UK

ISBN: (纸本)0819416274

In this paper we are concerned with the design of 2D biorthogonal, 2-channel filter banks where the sampling is on the quincunx lattice. Such systems can be used to implement the nonseparable Discrete Wavelet Transform and also to construct the nonseparable scaling and wavelet functions. One important consideration of such systems (brought into attention by wavelet theory) is the regularity or smoothness of the scaling and wavelet functions. The regularity is related to the zero-property - the number of zeros of the filter transfer function at the aliasing frequency ((Ω1, Ω2) = (π,π) for the quincunx lattice). In general the greater the number of zeros, the greater the regularity. It has been shown previously by the authors that the transformation of variables is an effective and flexible way of designing multidimensional filter banks. However the wavelet aspects of the filter banks (i.e., regularity) were not considered. In this paper we shall show how the zero-property can be easily imposed through the transformation of variables technique. A large number of zeros can be imposed with ease. Arbitrarily smooth scaling and wavelet functions can be constructed. Several design examples will be given to illustrate this.

关键词： Wavelet transforms

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HIGH-THROUGHPUT MINIATURIZED COMPUTER FOR REMOTE applications

HIGH-THROUGHPUT MINIATURIZED COMPUTER FOR REMOTE APPLICATION...

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conference on Coupling Technology to National Need

作者： LIS, S LITTLE, MJ ROME LAB GRIFFISS AFBNY 13441

ISBN: (纸本)0819413879

Real time image and signal processing for BMDO surveillance and intercept missions requires enormously high computational throughput from a programmable, digital processor. This application also requires that the processor hardware have the smallest possible size, weight and power. We have developed and recently demonstrated a massively parallel computer architecture that meets all of these goals, the 3-D Computer. The 3-D Computer is implemented with a set of revolutionary new silicon integration technologies that makes practical for the first time vertically stacked circuits. This ability to extend circuit integration into the third dimension gives the 3-D Computer a number of important advantages;specifically, very low cost for a high performance processor and a much higher than normal degree of programmability. These two attributes make it possible to consider monitoring in situations where it would have been cost prohibitive otherwise. It is well recognized that the price-performance ratio of processor systems is strongly determined by the level of integration of the technology. Today's personal computers perform as well as, or better than those of a few years ago, yet they cost less. This attribute is traced to the level of integration of the circuits. The 3-D silicon integration technologies increase the level of integration by <1Ox and preliminary analysis indicates a corresponding reduction in system cost relative to conventional 2-D integration technology. Remote sensing requires very high processing throughputs. The details of the processing vary tremendously from one scenario to another. Through simulations we have shown that the 3-D Computer efficiently executes a wide range of processing from a broad spectrum of sensors. In this presentation we will describe the architecture, the new 3-D technologies and then discuss the application of this technology to public safety monitoring applications. © 1993 SPIE.

关键词： Cost benefit analysis

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ADVANCED PATTERN INSPECTION USING MACROVIEW

ADVANCED PATTERN INSPECTION USING MACROVIEW

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20th Annual SPIE conference on Machine Vision applications in Industrial Inspection

作者： ANDO, M OKADA, H KAKINOKI, Y FUJITSU LABS LTD ELECTROMECH LABSATSUGI 24301JAPAN

ISBN: (纸本)0819414786

The new pattern inspection algorithm we developed detects fatal defects on printed wiring boards. The algorithm determines whether patterns identified by an automated pattern inspection (AOI) system are actually defective by considering the electrical malfunction that the defect will cause. A macroscopic model based on the pattern design rules and their tolerances to pattern violations is needed to evaluate defects. The algorithm classifies features around a defective pattern into 50 categories and compares the defect distribution with preset check rules. The automated optical verification system we developed captures pattern images with a CCD camera and uses verification software to evaluate defects. The process takes 10 seconds per image. We tested the system on the factory floor, and it detected all defects with less than 4.8 percent of false alarms.

关键词： Inspection Defect detection Copper Algorithm development image processing Computer aided design Sensors signal detection Computing systems Sensing systems

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A class of wavelet kernels associated with wave propagation

A class of wavelet kernels associated with wave propagation

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International conference on Acoustics, Speech, and signal processing (ICASSP)

作者： L. Onural M. Kocatepe H.M. Ozaktas Bilkent University Ankara Turkey

Wavelet kernels in the form of complex exponentials with linear instantaneous frequencies are discussed. These wavelets do not satisfy the commonly used admissibility condition; furthermore, they are neither band-, nor space-limited functions and they are not absolutely integrable. It is shown, however, that the wavelet transforms using these kernels are still invertable and the inversion formulas are given. Such kernels are closely related to wave propagation related phenomena like the diffraction and the holography, and therefore, the obtained mathematical results coincide to well known optical applications. The kernels may be useful in space-depth analysis of data obtained from diffraction related imaging techniques.< >

关键词： Kernel Optical diffraction Holographic optical components Frequency Wavelet transforms Optical propagation Holography Data analysis image analysis Optical imaging

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VECTOR FIELD VISUALIZATION BY PROJECTION PURSUIT - ANALYSIS OF PROJECTION INDExES

VECTOR FIELD VISUALIZATION BY PROJECTION PURSUIT - ANALYSIS ...

引用

conference on Visual Communications and image processing 94

作者： HARIKUMAR, G BRESLER, Y UNIV ILLINOIS COORDINATED SCI LABDEPT ELECT & COMP ENGNURBANAIL 61801

ISBN: (纸本)081941638X

We address the problem of the display of vector valued images, also known as vector fields or multiparameter images, in which a vector of data, rather than a scalar, is associated with each pixel of a pixel grid. Each component of the vector field defines a gray-scale image on the pixel grid. Vector fields usually arise when more than one physical property (henceforth an attribute) is measured for the object being imaged. Mapping the measured values of any one attribute to gray-scale on a pixel grid defines an image. The collection of these images then defines a vector field, with a vector of attributes, corresponding to each pixel. The object usually consists of several disjoint regions, each made up of a region type, which we shall call a class. A set of attributes separates the classes (and therefore also the regions) if, for any two different classes, there exists an attribute in the set that has distinct values for the two. We refer to a pixel grid where the pixels are labeled as belonging to different regions as an Underlying image (UI) . Vector fields arise naturally in any application that involves the display of multiparameter data, or multisensor fusion, as surveyed in [1], the classical example being multispectral satellite images. Once we have a vector field of an object consisting of measurements of a set of attributes that separate all of the classes in the object, we have the potential to distinguish between all of its regions. Regardless of the ultimate goal of the specific imaging application, most applications share a common intermediate goal, which is the one we address: to present a specialist human observer with an image that will maximize his chances to classify correctly the image pixels into different regions, that is, segment the image. Unfortunately, the human observer is inefficient at assimilating and intergrating multidimensional data, and traditional methods like the parallel display of the component images are often misleading, as demo

关键词： image segmentation Visualization image fusion Quality measurement Sodium Visual analytics Feature extraction image quality Monte Carlo methods Niobium

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MINIMUM FINDABLE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (MFTD) 5

MINIMUM FINDABLE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (MFTD)

引用

conference on Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing V

作者： DAGOSTINO, J MOULTON, R NIGHT VIS & ELECTR SENSORS DIRECTORATE FT BELVOIRVA 22060

ISBN: (纸本)0819415286

A new measure called minimum findable temperature difference (MFTD) is offered as a means of characterizing thermal imaging performance under scene clutter limited conditions. MFTD extends an older performance methodology called minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) which was offered in the 70's as a sensor performance characterization under noise limited conditions. MFTD departs from MDTD in that it addresses scene clutter plus noise as well as sensor-noise-only operating conditions. In addition, MFTD measures the in-FOV search performance of the thermal imager. This paper details the measurement procedures associated with MFTD using real target vehicles and equivalent bar targets. Methods of characterizing thermal target scenes in terms of vehicle signatures and scene clutter are offered that appear to correlate with measured probability of target finding. Methods used to train MFTD observers and procedures for processing displayed target embedded scenes are provided. Finally, applications of MFTD for modelling manned sensor performance in cluttered environments using TTPF model formulations are offered. A future application of MFTD with real targets to develop standard Army observer ROC curves is suggested as well.

关键词： Sensors Target detection image processing Thermography Infrared sensors Modulation transfer functions Digital imaging Error analysis Sensor performance signal to noise ratio

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POLYMERIC COMPOSITE PHOTOREFRACTIVE MATERIALS FOR NONLINEAR-OPTICAL applications

POLYMERIC COMPOSITE PHOTOREFRACTIVE MATERIALS FOR NONLINEAR-...

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conference on Organic, Metallo-Organic, and Polymeric Materials for Nonlinear Optical applications

作者： PRASAD, PN ORCZYK, ME ZIEBA, J BURZYNSKI, R ZHANG, Y GHOSAL, S CASSTEVENS, M SUNY BUFFALO PHOTON RES LABBUFFALONY 14214

ISBN: (纸本)0819414387

Polymeric composite materials constitute a new and very promising class of photorefractive materials. In the design of polymeric photorefractive materials we use multicomponent composites in which necessary functionalities can be independently optimized. The investigated composites consisted of charge transporting polymeric matrix, and optically second-order active molecules. Two different photosensitizers were used to vary the wavelength response. Photorefractive properties of these materials were investigated using erasable volume holography in a non-degenerate four-wave mixing geometry and two-beam coupling techniques. A previously developed model of space-charge field grating formation in photoconductive polymers was used to explain the field dependence of four-wave mixing diffraction efficiency. The model takes into account the field dependence of charge photogeneration quantum yield, carrier field mobility, and electro-optic coefficient. Necessary information about these parameters was obtained from the results of photoconductivity and electro-optic modulation experiments. Special attention was focused on the kinetics of photorefractive response in the composite for optical signal processing and optical storage. It was found that a very effective switching of diffraction efficiency induced by dc electric field occurs in this system. Also, the results of kinetic studies of the index grating writing and its subsequent light-induced erasure, as well as a demonstration of the holographic image recording and retrieval, are reported.

关键词： Polymers Composites Diffraction Electro optics Holography Refractive index Switching Diffraction gratings Modulation Quantum efficiency

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Brain image analysis by using sensor-array-signal processing technique

Brain image analysis by using sensor-array-signal processing...

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Annual International conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： Tianhu Lei W. Sewchand Department of Radiation Oncolgoy University of Maryland Baltimore MD USA

Various imaging modalities such as MRI, x-ray CT, PET/SPECT, and MR-angiography are used for brain imaging. The authors provides a non-model-based image analysis technique for these imaging modalities. In this approach, the brain tissue type and organ structure are represented by the image regions. The technique formulates the region detection problem in a multidimensional signal processing framework such that a signal structure similar to sensor-array-processing signal presentation is created and the advanced sensor-array-signal processing techniques are employed. Following the region detection, the image analysis is performed by segmentation which is completed by region parameter estimation and pixel classification. The proposed technique is an unsupervised, eigenstructure approach. It eliminates the ad-hoc assumptions in image modeling, and possesses extensive computation speed superiority over existing model-based approaches. The most important feature is that it properly utilizes the spatial correlations among the pixels. The results obtained by applying this technique to the simulated, MRI, CT, PET/SPECT, and MR-angiography images demonstrate its promise and effectiveness. The major applications of this technique in the brain image analysis are the tissue classification and quantification.< >

关键词： Brain image analysis Optical imaging Magnetic resonance imaging Computed tomography Positron emission tomography signal processing x-ray imaging Multidimensional signal processing image segmentation

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Optimal design of convex combinations for adaptive filtering with parallel signals

Optimal design of convex combinations for adaptive filtering...

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International Symposium on Speech, image processing and Neural Networks

作者： Yunmin Zhu Aijun Gao Academia Sinica Chengdu Institute of Computer ApplicationCAS Chengdu China Department of Mathematics University of Kansas Karlsruhe KS Germany

ISBN: (纸本)078031865X

In practical applications of adaptive filtering, we often face a group of parallel signals. Therefore, the optimal design of the convex combinations of those parallel signals for adaptive filtering in the least mean square sense is an important problem. In this paper, we present the optimal convex combination coefficients, which depend only on the covariance of the distinct part of each individual signal from others. Furthermore we suggest an adaptive algorithm for the adaptive filtering to implement the above optimal design of convex combinations of the parallel signals.< >

关键词： signal design Adaptive filters Least squares approximation Sonar Approximation algorithms Filtering Computer applications Concurrent computing Adaptive algorithm Algorithm design and analysis

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