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parallel kernel solver of an FPGA-based real-time simulator for active distribution networks

IET RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION 2023年第1期17卷 162-175页

作者： Li, Peng Wang, Xin Wang, Zhiying Fu, Xiaopeng Fu, Hao Wang, Kun Tianjin Univ Key Lab Smart Grid Minist Educ Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based real-time simulators are often applied in simulations of active distribution networks (ADNs) because of their parallel architectures and low cost. The overall performance of an FPGA-based real-time simulator is mainly determined by its kernel solver, which solves the nodal equation at each simulation time step. With the increasing scale of ADNs, real-time simulations of fast switching dynamics, along with limited computation hardware, have increased the requirements of the solver in terms of both time and resource consumption. In this study, a highly parallel kernel solver is proposed to improve the simulation efficiency of the FPGA-based real-time simulator. The multi-level parallel design and its implementation, including the parallelism at the system and module and element levels, are presented in detail. A modified IEEE 123-node system with distributed photovoltaics (PVs) is then simulated using a three-FPGA-based real-time simulator. Simulation results are compared with the commercial simulation tool PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the proposed kernel solver.

关键词： Distribution networks Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systems real-time simulations resource consumption three-FPGA-based real-time simulator distribution networks simulation efficiency parallel architectures field-programmable gate array-based real-time simulators distributed power generation field programmable gate arrays Logic circuits Power engineering computing Logic and switching circuits highly parallel kernel solver parallel architecture distributed power generation simulation time step active distribution networks

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Utility Accrual Dynamic Routing in real-time parallel systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON parallel AND distributed systems 2010年第12期21卷 1822-1835页

作者： Kargahi, Mehdi Movaghar, Ali Univ Tehran Sch Elect & Comp Engn Coll Engn Tehran Iran Inst Res Fundamental Sci IPM Sch Comp Sci Tehran Iran Sharif Univ Technol Dept Comp Engn Tehran Iran

One of the main properties of today's distributed and parallel systems, such as mobile ad-hoc networks and grids, is their heterogeneity in the available resources. Further, many applications of such systems are subject to time/Utility Function (TUF) time constraints for jobs, unavoidable variability in job characteristics and arrivals, and statistical assurance requirements on timeliness behaviors. In this paper, we propose an exact analytical solution for performance evaluation of dynamic policies used for routing of TUF-constrained Firm real-time (FRT) jobs among parallel single-processor queues with arbitrary processing rates and capacities. The analytical method can be used for the evaluation of the compliance of some important statistical assurance requirements. Furthermore, we present a utility-aware dynamic routing policy to improve the expected accrued utility of the parallel system. The policy called Maximum Expected Utility (MEU) behaves based on the information gathered from the analytical solution. MEU is compared with some well-known Dynamic Routing (DR) policies for different TUF shapes and both cases of homogeneous and heterogeneous processors of a two-queue system. The comparisons show the efficiency of MEU for the former case and its good behavior in most situations for the latter case.

关键词： Analytical modeling firm real-time systems performance modeling time/utility function utility accrual dynamic routing

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STATIC ANALYSIS OF real-time distributed systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1990年第4期16卷 373-388页

作者： LIU, LY SHYAMASUNDAR, RK TATA INST FUNDAMENTAL RES COMP SCI GRP BOMBAY 400005 INDIA PENN STATE UNIV DEPT COMP SCI UNIVERSITY PK PA 16802 USA

A static analysis for reasoning about the temporal behaviors of programs in real-time distributed programming languages is proposed. The analysis is based on the action set semantics using the pure maximal parallelism model. It is shown how to specify and verify various timing properties of real-time programs. The approach provides only an approximate timing behavior, because the state information is ignored. However, many interesting properties such as parallel actions, deadlocks, livelocks, terminations, temporal errors, and failures, can be identified. Furthermore, the approach is compositional and thus makes it possible to reason about the timing properties incrementally. The method not only leads to efficient algorithms for the static analysis of CSP programs but also applies to many other languages.

关键词： real-time systems Reasoning distributed systems Language real time distributed software

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A PROCESSOR ARRAY MODULE FOR distributed, MASSIVELY-parallel, EMBEDDED COMPUTING

MICROPROCESSING AND MICROPROGRAMMING

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MICROPROCESSING AND MICROPROGRAMMING 1993年第1-5期38卷 529-537页

作者： BENGTSSON, L NILSSON, K SVENSSON, B HALMSTAD UNIV CTR COMP ARCHITECTURES-30118 HALMSTADSWEDEN CHALMERS UNIV TECHNOL DEPT COMP ENGNS-41296 GOTHENBURGSWEDEN

With the increased degree of miniaturization resulting from the use of modem VLSI technology and the high communication bandwidth available through optical connections, it is now possible to build massively parallel computers based on distributed modules which can be embedded in advanced industrial products. Examples of such future possibilities are ''action-oriented systems'', in which a network of highly parallel modules perform a multitude of tasks related to perception, cognition, and action. The paper discusses questions of architecture on the level of modules and inter-module communication and gives concrete architectural solutions which meet the demands of typical, advanced industrial real-time applications. The interface between the processors arrays and the all-optical communication network is described in some detail. Implementation issues specifically related to the demand for miniaturization are discussed.

关键词： parallel PROCESSING distributed EMBEDDED systems MASSIVE parallelISM LEARNING systems real-time COMPUTER systems OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

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Virtue: Performance visualization of parallel and distributed applications

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COMPUTER 1999年第12期32卷 44-+页

作者： Shaffer, E Reed, DA Whitmore, S Schaeffer, B Univ Illinois Dept Comp Sci Chicago IL 60680 USA

High-speed, wide-area networks have made it both possible and desirable to interconnect geographically distributed lections of scientific data, remote scientific instruments, and high-performance computer systems. Historically, performance analysis has focused on monolithic applications executing on large, stand-alone, parallel systems. In such a domain, measurement, postmortem analysis, and code optimization suffice to eliminate performance bottlenecks and optimize applications. distributed visualization, data mining, and analysis tools allow scientists to collaboratively analyze and understand complex phenomena. Likewise, real-time performance measurement and immersive performance display systems-that is, systems providing large stereoscopic displays of complex data-enable collaborating groups to interact with executing software, tuning its behavior to meet research and performance goals. To satisfy these demands, the authors designed Virtue, a prototype system that integrates collaborative, immersive performance visualization with real-time performance measurement and adaptive control of applications on computational grids. These tools enable physically distributed users to explore and steer the behavior of complex software in real time and to analyze and optimize distributed application dynamics.

关键词： Virtue adaptive application control collaborative data analysis tools collaborative immersive performance visualization complex phenomena computational grids computer displays data analysis data mining data mining distributed application dynamics optimization distributed applications distributed programming distributed visualization executing software groupware high-performance computer systems high-speed wide-area networks immersive performance display systems parallel applications performance analysis performance bottlenecks physically distributed users program visualisation prototype system real-time performance measurement real-time systems remote scientific instruments scientific data collections software performance evaluation software prototyping software tuning stereoscopic displays three-dimensional displays tuning virtual reality

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HARTS - A distributed real-time ARCHITECTURE

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COMPUTER 1991年第5期24卷 25-35页

作者： SHIN, KG Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. Michigan Univ. Ann Arbor MI

The design, implementation, and evaluation of a distributed real-time architecture called HARTS (hexagonal architecture for real-time systems) are discussed, emphasizing its support of time-constrained, fault-tolerant communications and I/O (input/output) requirements. HARTS consists of shared-memory multiprocessor nodes, interconnected by a wrapped hexagonal mesh. This architecture is intended to meet three main requirements of real-time computing: high performance, high reliability, and extensive I/O. The high-level and low-level architecture is described. The evaluation of HARTS, using modeling and simulation with actual parameters derived from its implementation, is reported. Fault-tolerant routing, clock synchronization and the I/O architecture are examined

关键词： HARTS I/O architecture clock synchronization fault tolerant computing fault tolerant routing fault-tolerant communications hexagonal architecture for real-time systems hexagonal mesh parallel architectures real-time architecture real-time systems shared-memory multiprocessor nodes

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Concepts and analysis of an ATM-based communication transfer protocol for distributed real time systems

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CONTROL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 1996年第6期4卷 863-869页

作者： Belschner, R Lehmann, M Institute for Automation and Software Engineering University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 47 70550 Stuttgart Germany

This paper addresses issues related to transfer protocols of distributed RT-UNIX automation systems. The wide-scale application possibilities of ATM have been considered in order to generate ideas for an improved transfer protocol and to embed it into the operating system. A proposal to transform an existing RT-UNIX operating system (QNX 4.2) in order to provide ATM features is described and analyzed. For the analysis, prototyping models of the operating system, the net adapter, net driver and the net manager have been developed. Remote interprocess communication can be simulated and analyzed, to see whether the imposed timing constraints are fulfilled. Some case-studies of simulations have shown that the approach represents a powerful and expressive instrument for the remote interprocess communication in distributed real-time automation systems.

关键词： real-time systems distributed computer systems discrete-event simulation real-time operating systems ATM protocols timing analysis

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distributed real-time Image Processing of Formation Flying SAR Based on Embedded GPUs

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING 2022年 15卷 6495-6505页

作者： Yang, Tao Xu, Qingbo Meng, Fanteng Zhang, Shuangxi Xidian Univ Sch Aerosp Sci & Technol Xian 710126 Peoples R China Xidian Univ Natl Lab Radar Signal Proc Xian 710126 Peoples R China Northwestern Polytech Univ Sch Elect & Informat Xian 710071 Peoples R China

Formation flying synthetic aperture radar (FF-SAR) systems, as an important development direction of multichannel SAR, can achieve high-resolution wide-swath imaging. Coherently combining data from satellite receivers puts a strain on the traditional real-time processing systems based on individual satellites. Characteristics, such as the power of real-time on-orbit processing platform, must be properly balanced with constrained memory and parallel computational resources. This article proposes a distributed SAR real-time imaging method based on the embedded graphics processing units (GPUs). The parallel computing method of the chirp scaling algorithm is designed based on the parallel programming model of compute unified device architecture, and the optimization methods of memory and performance are proposed for the hardware architecture of embedded GPUs. In particular, the unified memory management method is used to avoid data copying and communication delays between the CPU and GPU. A hardware verification system for distributed SAR real-time imaging processing based on multiple embedded GPUs is constructed. The proposed algorithm takes 5.86 s to process single-precision floating-point complex imaging with a data size of 8192 x 8192 on a single Jetson Nano platform. The actual power consumption is less than 5 W, and the performance-to-power ratio is greater than 1.7%. The experimental results show that the real-time processing method based on the embedded GPUs proposed in this article has high performance and low-power consumption.

关键词： Graphics processing units Imaging Azimuth Synthetic aperture radar real-time systems Satellites Radar polarimetry Chirp scaling (CS) algorithm distributed architecture embedded graphics processing unit (GPU) on-orbit real-time processing synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

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LICRA: A replicated-data management algorithm for distributed synchronous groupware applications

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parallel COMPUTING 1997年第13期22卷 1733-1746页

作者： Kanawati, R IMAG-INRIA Sirac Project P.O. Box 53 38041 Grenoble France

Replicated data consistency is a key issue in the design of distributed real time groupware applications, In this paper, we propose a new protocol to cope with this problem. The proposed algorithm guarantees an optimal response time while ensuring data consistency at system quiescence. The originality of our proposition relies on the fact that neither locks nor clocks nor global information are required to establish data consistency. Instead, direct dependency relations between generated operations as well as operation transformation mechanism are used. The coupling of the above two mentioned mechanisms is shown to realize a good trade-off between the different requirements of groupware applications. Advantages of our approach are illustrated by comparing the algorithm to two well known optimistic concurrency control protocols for groupware applications: dOPT and ORESTE.

关键词： synchronous groupware optimistic concurrency control data replication operation transformation

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Roo: A framework for real-time threads 3

Roo: A framework for real-time threads

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3rd workshop on parallel and distributed real-time systems, WPDRTS 1995

作者： Zimmermann, C. Cahill, V. Distributed Systems Group Department of Computer Science Trinity College I-Dublin-2 Ireland

ISBN: (纸本)0818670991

Traditional object-oriented real-time systems are often limited an that they provide only one approach to real-time object support. Taking the increasing demand for flexible and extensible object support environments into account, we discuss the design and implementation of a small object-oriented real-time executive based on a sub-framework which we call Roo. Roo is a component of the Tigger framework (our proposal for an extensible object support operating system) and is intended to support different object models providing soft real-time behaviour. Roo provides support for different mechanisms and policies for real-time thread management, scheduling and synchronization. In this it serves as a basis for other components of the Tigger framework. © 1995 IEEE.

关键词： real time systems

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