依恋形成于个体生命早期与依恋对象(通常为养育者)的情感互动过程,是一种稳定的情感联结。内部工作模型是依恋理论的核心概念,但以往研究更多地关注于内部工作模型的稳定性,忽视了个体随着年龄变化的发展性。在回顾完依恋及其内部工作模型后,该研究对不同年龄阶段下的依恋研究进行整理发现:安全依恋(积极的内部自我模型和积极的外部他人模型)在不同年龄阶段中的积极效应是较为一致的,但依恋的对象在一定程度上展现出符合年龄阶段的规律性。这或许表明依恋同时具有稳定性及发展性,其有利于依恋理论和测量方式的发展与完善。Attachment forms in early life through emotional interactions with attachment figures (typically caregivers) and represents a stable emotional bond. The internal working model is a core concept of attachment theory;however, previous research has primarily focused on the stability of internal working models, neglecting their developmental aspects as individuals age. After reviewing attachment and its internal working models, this study organized research on attachment across different age stages and found that secure attachment (characterized by positive internal self-model and external other-model) consistently exhibits positive effects across different age stages. However, the objects of attachment demonstrated a certain degree of age-related regularity. This perhaps indicates that attachment possesses both stability and developmental aspects, which could facilitate the advancement and refinement of attachment theory and measurement approaches.
亲社会行为泛指一切有利于他人和社会的行为,包括合作、分享、助人等。亲社会行为的发展不仅有利于个体的发展,对于社会问题的解决、人类命运共同体的构建也意义重大。任何理解、预测或促进亲社会行为的科学尝试都需要一个适当的测量工具。目前亲社会行为的测量工具多种多样,包括一般性或是具有针对性的自我报告工具(如,亲社会倾向量表)、观察法指标(如他人观察和专家编码)和实验室情境中的行为任务(如,情景故事法)。文章系统探讨了测量亲社会行为的现有方法、各自的优点和缺点以及改进的可能性,并综合心理测量学和研究目的两个角度,给出一定的应用建议,希望为亲社会行为领域的研究者带来一点启示。Prosocial behavior refers to all actions that benefit others and society, including cooperation, sharing, and helping. The development of prosocial behavior is not only advantageous for individual growth, but also holds significant importance for addressing social issues and fostering a community with a shared future for humanity. Any scientific attempt to understand, predict, or promote prosocial behavior requires an appropriate measurement tool. Currently, there are a variety of measurement tools for prosocial behavior, including general or specific self-report instruments (e.g., prosocial tendency scales), observational indicators (such as peer observations and expert coding), and behavioral tasks in laboratory settings (e.g., scenario storytelling methods). This review systematically explored the existing methods for measuring prosocial behavior, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages, as well as potential improvements. By integrating perspectives from psychometrics and research objectives, we provided practical recommendations aimed at offering insights for researchers in the field of prosocial behavior.
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