随着对后殖民研究的深入,翻译的涵义也不断得到延伸。后殖民翻译和后殖民写作关系微妙,界限模糊,具有很大的关联性。玛丽娅·蒂莫志科在论文《后殖民地写作和文学翻译》中把后殖民写作明确界定为后殖民翻译。在这个意义上,后殖民翻译既包括实际意义上两种语言的翻译,又远远超越了传统的翻译,不一定要涉及不同语言文化背景下两个不同的文字文本,而是少数族裔的文化书写。后殖民理论家霍米巴巴提出了“文化翻译”的概念,在他构建的第三空间里,文化翻译是少数族裔对主流文化抗争和自我身份认同的手段,是少数族裔文化存活的策略。流散文学作品在概念上正是后殖民视角中文化翻译说的具体体现。本文所涵盖的文化翻译包括传统意义上的文化因素的翻译以及后殖民视角中的文化书写。 流散(Diaspora)一词来源于希腊语diasperien,意为“离散”或“散落的种子”。如今,流散一词得到更加广泛的应用,越来越普遍地运用于全球化时代下移民所处的“流散”状态。因此,Diaspora并非是孤立存在的概念,而是与民族、族裔身份和文化等相互关联的,其语义也存在于跨民族关联与跨文化语境的动态之中。20世纪90年代,Diaspora这一术语开始被引入大陆学术界,得到了越来越多的关注。作为从大陆迁往美国的华人流散作家,林语堂和张爱玲的作品中都包含流散的特质。他们利用文学作品进行身份建构的过程,实际上就是对中国文化再理解、再梳理、重新翻译的过程。因此,他们的后殖民写作就是后殖民意义上的文化翻译。 林语堂和张爱玲同为双语作家,都曾旅居海外,他们的中英文作品都是中国文学史上的宝贵财富,并且都有相当的翻译作品。他们的人生具有很大的相似之处。但是,两位作家的文化翻译作品在美国的接受程度却截然相反。林语堂的功成名就和张爱玲的悲凉凄惨,是命运造就还是性格使然?后殖民研究表明,代表弱势文化的译者和作者在力争保持独立性的同时又一定程度上向外部势力妥协。同样,远离本土的林语堂和张爱玲的文化翻译不得不对主流文化做出顺应,以期得到承认和出版。由于顺应能力的不同,他们的文化翻译接受程度也迥然不同。 顺应论,原本是达尔文生物进化论中的一个概念,由维索尔伦引入语用学研究。维索尔伦认为语言使用是在不同意识程度下为实现交际目的而连续不断进行选择的过程。语言使用者之所以做出种种选择,是源于语言的三个特性:变异性、商讨性和顺应性。变异性和商讨性是顺应性的内容,顺应性是语言使用的核心。目前,越来越多的学者把顺应论应用于翻译研究之中,包括对于单一译本的顺应分析研究或者同个文本不同译本的对比研究。 本研究选取林语堂经典英文小说《京华烟云》(Moment in Peking)和张爱玲绿背(美元赞助)小说代表作《秧歌》(The Rice-Sprout Song)及其改写小说代表作《北地胭脂》(The Rouge of the North)为研究对象,采用对比分析、推理分析、定性和定量研究相结合的方法,以维索尔伦语用顺应论为理论基础,分析两位流散作家文化翻译中文化因素蕴含的中国传统文化内涵,探索两位作家代表作品文化翻译顺应的趋同和差异,以及他们不同的文化顺应能力;研究流散华人作家文化翻译顺应理论应用的普适性和复杂性。研究发现,林语堂比张爱玲具有更好的顺应能力,从后殖民的角度来看,林展现了更强的妥协性。
This thesis is a study of the current application of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in a tertiary college in China.Changing technology has changed the nature of many jobs including the ways of teaching. ...
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This thesis is a study of the current application of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in a tertiary college in China.
Changing technology has changed the nature of many jobs including the ways of teaching. Teachers need to keep up with the latest development in technology. Not only abroad, but also in China, various strands of research have proved the effectiveness of CALL and the numerous benefits teachers and students have gained from the new teaching modes derived from the new technology. However, it is still not clear how CALL is carried out in some tertiary colleges in China, which were set up mostly at the beginning of the 21st century.
By conducting a survey of 376 undergraduate students and 30 college English teachers, the present study attempts to explore the normalization of CALL in a Chinese tertiary college, the difficulties students and teachers have encountered and the possible solutions to those existing problems. Findings from the survey show that students prefer a combination of CALL with the traditional teaching methods. What is queer is that most of the student respondents do not have a clear understanding of what CALL really is and they do not have easy access to computers and network on the campus. As for teachers, heavy workload constitutes the largest barrier in implementation CALL in EFL; the discrepancy between software designers and teachers is also a tough nut to crack. An analysis of the questionnaires suggests that more administrative support is necessary. And teachers need more training to apply new technology to their teaching to meet the needs of students and demands of the ever-changing society.
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