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Regulation of Apoptotic Pathways by MicroRNAs: A Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY 2025年 1-37页

作者： Saadh, Mohamed J. Muhammad, Faris Anad Alazzawi, Tuqa S. Fahdil, Ali A. Athab, Zainab H. Tuxtayev, Jamshid alsaikhan, fahad Farhood, Bagher Middle East Univ Fac Pharm Amman 11831 Jordan Al Noor Univ Coll Dept Pharm Nineveh Iraq Natl Univ Sci & Technol Coll Dentist Dhi Qar Iraq Al Farahidi Univ Med Tech Coll Baghdad Iraq Al Zahrawi Univ Coll Dept Pharm Karbala Iraq Samarkand State Med Inst Fac Pediat Dept Surg Dis Samarkand Uzbekistan Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ Coll Pharm Alkharj Saudi Arabia Ibn Sina Natl Coll Med Studies Sch Pharm Jeddah Saudi Arabia Kashan Univ Med Sci Fac Paramed Sci Dept Med Phys & Radiol Kashan Iran

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder marked by a gradual decline in memory and cognitive functions. It is characterized by the presence of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal degeneration, affecting a significant portion of the human population. A key feature of various nervous system disorders, including AD, is extensive cellular death caused by apoptosis, which affects not only neurons but also glial cells. While apoptosis plays a vital role in eliminating certain cells and supporting normal development, alterations or disruptions in apoptotic pathways can lead to harmful neurodegenerative conditions such as AD. Thus, targeting apoptosis presents a promising therapeutic approach for these diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNA, play diverse roles in cellular functions, including proliferation, gene expression regulation, programmed cell death, intercellular communication, and angiogenesis. By modulating regulatory genes, miRNAs can influence apoptosis, either promoting or inhibiting it. Aberrant expression of miRNAs can impact multiple apoptotic pathways, potentially driving the progression of AD and related health issues. This review summarizes recent research on miRNAs and their dual role in exacerbating or protecting against neural cell damage in AD by altering apoptotic pathways. The regulation of apoptosis by miRNAs offers a prospective therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.

关键词： Apoptosis Alzheimer's disease MicroRNAs Non-coding RNAs

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MicroRNA as Key Players in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Insights into Their Role in Metastasis

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BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS 2025年第2期63卷 1014-1062页

作者： Saadh, Mohamed J. Hussain, Qusay Mohammed Alazzawi, Tuqa S. Fahdil, Ali A. Athab, Zainab H. Yarmukhamedov, Bekhzod Al-Nuaimi, Ali M. Ali alsaikhan, fahad Farhood, Bagher Middle East Univ Fac Pharm Amman 11831 Jordan Al Noor Univ Coll Dept Pharm Nineveh Iraq Natl Univ Sci & Technol Coll Dentist Nasiriyah Dhi Qar Iraq Al Farahidi Univ Med Tech Coll Baghdad Iraq Al Zahrawi Univ Coll Dept Pharm Karbala Iraq Samarkand State Med Univ Dept Publ Hlth & Healthcare Management Med Sci 18 Amir Temur St Samarkand Uzbekistan Gilgamesh Ahliya Univ Baghdad Iraq Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ Coll Pharm Alkharj Saudi Arabia Ibn Sina Natl Coll Med Studies Sch Pharm Jeddah Saudi Arabia Kashan Univ Med Sci Fac Paramed Sci Dept Med Phys & Radiol Kashan *** Iran

Liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the most common cancer in global epidemiology. Both the frequency and fatality of this malignancy have shown an upward trend over recent decades. Liver cancer is a significant concern due to its propensity for both intrahepatic and extrahepatic metastasis. Liver cancer metastasis is a multifaceted process characterized by cell detachment from the bulk tumor, modulation of cellular motility and invasiveness, enhanced proliferation, avoidance of the immune system, and spread either via lymphatic or blood vessels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs) playing a crucial function in the intricate mechanisms of tumor metastasis. A number of miRNAs can either increase or reduce metastasis via several mechanisms, such as control of motility, proliferation, attack by the immune system, cancer stem cell properties, altering the microenvironment, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Besides, two other types of non-coding RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) can competitively bind to endogenous miRNAs. This competition results in the impaired ability of the miRNAs to inhibit the expression of the specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that are targeted. Increasing evidence has shown that the regulatory axis comprising circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA is correlated with the regulation of HCC metastasis. This review seeks to present a thorough summary of recent research on miRNAs in HCC, and their roles in the cellular processes of EMT, invasion and migration, as well as the metastasis of malignant cells. Finally, we discuss the function of the lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network as a crucial modulator of carcinogenesis and the regulation of signaling pathways or genes that are relevant to the metastasis of HCC. These findings have the potential to offer valuable insight into the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches for management of liver cancer metastasis.

关键词： Hepatocellular carcinoma Metastasis MicroRNA Long non-coding RNA Circular RNA HOTAIR-miR-34a-5p

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Role of circRNAs in regulating cell death in cancer: a comprehensive review

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CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS 2025年第1期83卷 109-133页

作者： Saadh, Mohamed J. Ehymayed, Hadi Mohammed Alazzawi, Tuqa S. Fahdil, Ali A. Athab, Zainab H. Yarmukhamedov, Bekhzod Al-Anbari, Hayder Hamid Abbas Shallal, Mohammed Mohsin alsaikhan, fahad Farhood, Bagher Middle East Univ Fac Pharm Amman 11831 Jordan Al Noor Univ Coll Dept Med Lab Tech Nineveh Iraq Natl Univ Sci & Technol Coll dentist Dhi Qar Iraq Al Farahidi Univ Med Tech Coll Baghdad Iraq Al Zahrawi Univ Coll Dept Pharm Karbala Iraq Tashkent State Dent Inst Dept Oral Surg & Dent Implantol Tashkent Uzbekistan Samarkand State Med Univ Dept Sci affairs Samarkand Uzbekistan Ahl Al Bayt Univ Coll Pharm Kerbala Iraq Gilgamesh Ahliya Univ Baghdad Iraq Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ Coll Pharm Alkharj Saudi Arabia Ibn Sina Natl Coll Med Studies Sch Pharm Jeddah Saudi Arabia Kashan Univ Med Sci Fac Paramed Sci Dept Med Phys & Radiol Kashan Iran

Despite multiple diagnostic and therapeutic advances, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, cancer preserved its spot as a global health concern. Prompt cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis depend on the discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are considered as a stable, conserved, abundant, and varied group of RNA molecules that perform multiple roles such as gene regulation. There is evidence that circRNAs interact with RNA-binding proteins, especially capturing miRNAs. An extensive amount of research has presented the substantial contribution of circRNAs in various types of cancer. To fully understand the linkage between circRNAs and cancer growth as a consequence of various cell death processes, including autophagy, ferroptosis, and apoptosis, more research is necessary. The expression of circRNAs could be controlled to limit the occurrence and growth of cancer, providing a more encouraging method of cancer treatment. Consequently, it is critical to understand how circRNAs affect various forms of cancer cell death and evaluate whether circRNAs could be used as targets to induce tumor death and increase the efficacy of chemotherapy. The current study aims to review and comprehend the effects that circular RNAs exert on cell apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis in cancer to investigate potential cancer treatment targets.

关键词： Cancer Circular RNAs Apoptosis Autophagy Ferroptosis

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Bile’s Hidden Weapon: Modulating the Microbiome and Tumor Microenvironment

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Current Microbiology 2025年第1期82卷 1-14页

作者： Saadh, Mohamed J. Ahmed, Hanan Hassan Al-Hussainy, Ali Fawzi Kaur, Irwanjot Kumar, Abhishek Chahar, Mamata Saini, Suman Taher, Waam Mohammed Alwan, Mariem Jawad, Mahmood Jasem Darvishi, Mohammad alsaikhan, fahad Faculty of Pharmacy Middle East University Amman 11831 Lebanon Department of Pharmacy Al-Noor University College Nineveh Iraq College of Pharmacy Ahl Al Bayt University Kerbala Iraq Department of Biotechnology and Genetics Jain (Deemed-to-Be) University Karnataka Bengaluru 560069 India Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences Vivekananda Global University Rajasthan Jaipur 303012 India School of Pharmacy-Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shobhit University Uttar Pradesh Gangoh 247341 India Department of Pharmacy Arka Jain University Jharkhand Jamshedpur 831001 India Department of Chemistry NIMS Institute of Engineering & amp Technology NIMS University Rajasthan Jaipur India Department of Applied Sciences Chandigarh Engineering College Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri Punjab Mohali 140307 India College of Nursing National University of Science and Technology Dhi Qar Iraq Pharmacy College Al-Farahidi University Baghdad Iraq Department of Pharmacy Al-Zahrawi University College Karbala Iraq Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center (IDTMRC) Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine AJA University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran College of Pharmacy Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Alkharj Saudi Arabia School of Pharmacy Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies Jeddah Saudi Arabia

The human gut microbiome is a dynamic and intricate ecosystem, composed of trillions of microorganisms that play a pivotal role in maintaining overall health and well-being. However, the gut microbiome is constantly exposed to various environmental factors, including the bile produced by the liver, which can significantly impact its composition and function. Bile acids, secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, modulate the gut microbiome, influencing its composition and function. This altered microbiome profile can, in turn, impact the tumor microenvironment (TME), promoting an immunosuppressive environment that favors tumor growth and metastasis. Furthermore, changes in the gut microbiome can also influence the production of bile acids and other metabolites that directly affect cancer cells and their behavior. Moreover, bile acids have been shown to shape the microbiome and increase antibiotic resistance, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationships between bile, the gut microbiome, and the TME, highlighting the mechanisms by which this interplay drives cancer progression and resistance to therapy. Understanding these complex interactions is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies that target the gut-bile-TME axis and improve patient outcomes. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Bile acids Drug resistance Gut microbiome Host–microbe interactions Tumor microenvironment

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Therapeutic effects of quercetin in oral cancer therapy: a systematic review of preclinical evidence focused on oxidative damage, apoptosis and anti-metastasis

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CANCER CELL INTERNATIONAL 2025年第1期25卷 1-14页

作者： Saadh, Mohamed J. Ahmed, Hanan Hassan Chandra, Muktesh Al-Hussainy, Ali Fawzi Hamid, Junainah Abd Mishra, Anurag Taher, Waam Mohammed Alwan, Mariem Jawad, Mahmood Jasem Al-Nuaimi, Ali M. Ali alsaikhan, fahad Farhood, Bagher Akhavan-Sigari, Reza Middle East Univ Fac Pharm Amman 11831 Jordan Al Noor Univ Coll Dept Pharm Nineveh Iraq Marwadi Univ Res Ctr Fac Engn & Technol Dept Bioinformat Rajkot 360003 Gujarat India Ahl Al Bayt Univ Coll Pharm Kerbala Iraq Management & Sci Univ Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia NIMS Univ NIMS Inst Pharm Dept Pharmaceut Chem Jaipur Rajasthan India Natl Univ Sci & Technol Coll Pharm Dhi Qar Iraq Al Farahidi Univ Pharm Coll Baghdad Iraq Al Zahrawi Univ Coll Dept Pharm Karbala Iraq Gilgamesh Ahliya Univ Baghdad Iraq Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ Coll Pharm Alkharj Saudi Arabia Ibn Sina Natl Coll Med Studies Pharm Jeddah Saudi Arabia Kashan Univ Med Sci Fac Paramed Sci Dept Med Phys & Radiol Kashan Iran Dr Schneiderhan GmbH Munich Germany ISAR Klinikum Munich Germany Univ Warsaw Dept Hlth Care Management & Clin Res Coll Humanum Warsaw Management Warsaw Poland

ObjectiveOral malignancies are among the common head and neck cancers. Various therapeutic modalities are used for targeting oral cancers. It was shown that quercetin (a flavonoid) has an anti-cancer effect on different cancers. In the current study, the anti-cancer potentials of quercetin against oral cancer cells were *** current systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guideline for the identification of relevant studies in various electronic databases up to April 2023. After reviewing and screening 193 articles, 18 were chosen for this study based on our inclusion and exclusion *** was shown that quercetin significantly reduced cancer cell proliferation, cell viability, tumor volume, invasion, metastasis and migration. This anti-cancer agent induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the cancer cells. Quercetin treatment could also induce some biochemical alterations in the cancer *** to the results, it can be mentioned that quercetin administration has an anti-cancer effect against oral cancer cells. This agent exerts its anticancer effects via reduced cell viability and different mechanisms, including induce oxidative damage, apoptosis, and reduced invasion and metastasis. However, suggesting the use of quercetin as a therapeutic agent of oral cancer patients requires further clinical studies due to its poor absorption rates, and the exact molecular mechanisms are still not well understood.

关键词： Apoptosis Quercetin Oral cancer Oxidative stress Systemic review

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Advances in polysaccharide-based materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review

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ARCHIV DER PHARMAZIE 2025年第1期358卷 e2400854页

作者： Li, Jiahao Ahmed, Hanan Hassan Hussein, Ali M. Kaur, Mandeep Jameel, Mohammed Khaleel Kaur, Harpreet Tillaeva, Umida Al-Hussainy, Ali Fawzi Sameer, Hayder Naji Hameed, Huda Ghassan Idan, Ameer Hassan alsaikhan, fahad Narmani, Asghar Farhood, Bagher Univ Skovde Dept Cognit Neurosci & Philosophy Skovde Sweden AlNoor Univ Coll Pharm Mosul Iraq Cihan Univ Erbil Dept Biomed Sci Erbil Kurdistan Reg Iraq Jain Univ Sch Sci Dept Chem Bengaluru Karnataka India Vivekananda Global Univ Dept Sci Jaipur Rajasthan India Imam Jaafar AL Sadiq Univ Coll Med Lab Technol Baghdad Iraq Shobhit Univ Sch Basic & Appl Sci Gangoh 247341 Uttar Pradesh India Arka Jain Univ Dept Hlth & Allied Sci Jamshedpur Jharkhand India Tashkent Pharmaceut Inst Tashkent Uzbekistan Ahl Al Bayt Univ Coll Pharm Kerbala Iraq Natl Univ Sci & Technol Collage Pharm Dhi Qar Iraq Gilgamesh Ahliya Univ Baghdad Iraq Al Zahrawi Univ Coll Karbala 56001 Iraq Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ Coll Pharm Alkharj Saudi Arabia Ibn Sina Natl Coll Med Studies Pharm Jeddah Saudi Arabia Univ Tehran Fac New Sci & Technol Dept Life Sci Engn Tehran Iran Kashan Univ Med Sci Fac Paramed Sci Dept Med Phys & Radiol Kashan Iran

Polysaccharides, the most abundant biopolymers in nature, have attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians due to its practicality in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. These biomaterials have high bioavailability and play structural and functional roles in living organisms. Polysaccharides are classified into several groups based on their origin, including plant polysaccharides and marine polysaccharides (like chitosan, hyaluronic acid, dextran, alginates, etc.) with specific applications. These biopolymers possess unique physicochemical (such as surface functional groups, solubility, and stability), mechanical (like mechanical strength and tensile), and biomedical (such as antioxidant activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewability, and non-immunogenicity) characteristics which have made them excellent platforms for a wide variety of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Ease of extraction and different preparation approaches are mentioned as other potential properties of polysaccharides that further improved their practicality in biomedical sciences. They have high drug/bioactive encapsulation capacity and sustained/controlled release manner in in vivo microenvironments. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation, stimuli-responsive drug/bioactive release, and passive and active drug/bioactive delivery are considered the potential features of these biopolymers in pharmaceutical sciences. Polysaccharides have indicated practical applications in biomedical sciences, including biosensors, tissue engineering, implantation, wound healing, vascular grafting, and vaccines. This review highlights the advances of polysaccharide-based materials in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences.

关键词： biomedical applications diseases therapy drug delivery extraction and preparation polysaccharides

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Targeting the main SARS-Cov-2 pathways with peptide inhibitors by molecular docking and molecular simulation approaches

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JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS 2024年 398卷

作者： Jin, Jianchang Wang, Nan Wang, Shilei alsaikhan, fahad Ahmad, Irfan Zhejiang Shuren Univ Coll Biol & Environm Engn Hangzhou 310015 Zhejiang Peoples R China Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ Coll Pharm Alkharj Saudi Arabia Ibn Sina Natl Coll Med Studies Sch Pharm Jeddah Saudi Arabia King Khalid Univ Coll Appl Med Sci Dept Clin Lab Sci Abha Saudi Arabia

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a significant global health crisis. The virus's spike glycoprotein (S protein) plays a pivotal role in facilitating viral entry and enhancing infectivity. In this study, we aimed to design peptides that can inhibit the interaction between the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its receptor ACE2, thereby preventing viral pathogenesis. We employed computational methods, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, to design and assess the binding affinity of peptide inhibitors. The crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain (RBD)ACE2 complex was used as a template for peptide design. The designed peptides were evaluated for their stability, interaction strength, and binding affinity through molecular dynamics simulations. A library of peptide candidates was constructed, considering mutations that enhance binding affinity. The toxicity and allergenicity of the peptides were also assessed. Our results identified several promising peptide inhibitors with high affinity for the Omicron RBD domain. These peptides exhibited strong hydrophobic interactions and significant binding strengths. The findings suggest that these peptides could potentially inhibit viral fusion and pathogenicity, with P11 being the most potent inhibitor.

关键词： Modeling Silico peptide design SARS-Cov-2 COVID-19 Molecular docking simulations Molecular dynamics simulations

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Removal of methyl green using new modified epichlorohydrine chitosan Schiff base as an efficient adsorbent

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CELLULOSE 2022年第9期29卷 5177-5189页

作者： Bashandeh, Zahra Hachem, Kadda Khalaji, Aliakbar Dehno alsaikhan, fahad Bokov, Dmitry Olegovich Golestan Univ Fac Sci Dept Chem Gorgan Golestan Iran Univ Saida Dr Moulay Tahar Fac Sci Lab Biotoxicol Pharmacognosy & Biol Valorizat Pla Saida 20000 Algeria Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ Coll Pharm Dept Clin Pharm Alkharj Saudi Arabia Sechenov First Moscow State Med Univ Inst Pharm 8 Trubetskaya StBldg 2 Moscow 119991 Russia Fed Res Ctr Nutr Biotechnol & Food Safety Russian Federat & Lab Food Chem 2-14 Ustyinsky Pr Moscow 109240 Russia

New modified epichlorohydrin chitosan Schiff base (ECS-MC) was successfully synthesized and characterized by various techniques such as FT-IR, TGA, DSC, BET, XRD and SEM. In addition, methyl green (MG) removal efficiency from aqueous solution has been studied and the influence of solution pH, sorbent dose, initial MG concentration and contact time were investigated. The results of adsorption study indicated that 99.12% of MG dye were removed via adsorption using 0.02 g of ECS-MC at pH of 8 and 120min solution shaking. Results showed high MG sorption capacity of 194.4 mg/g, when 0.005 g of ECS-MC was used as sorbent. Then, ECS-MC can be more efficient for removal of other cationic dyes. [GRAPHICS] .

关键词： Epichlorohydrin chitosan Schiff base Methyl green Removal efficiency Sorption capacity

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Hyaluronic acid-empowered nanotheranostics in breast and lung cancers therapy

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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023年第Part1期237卷 116951页

作者： alsaikhan, fahad Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ Coll Pharm Alkharj Saudi Arabia

Nanomedicine application in cancer therapy is an urgency because of inability of current biological therapies for complete removal of tumor cells. The development of smart and novel nanoplatforms for treatment of cancer can provide new insight in tumor suppression. Hyaluronic acid is a biopolymer that can be employed for synthesis of smart nanostructures capable of selective targeting CD44-overexpressing tumor cells. The breast and lung cancers are among the most malignant and common tumors in both females and males that environmental factors, lifestyle and genomic alterations are among the risk factors for their pathogenesis and development. Since etiology of breast and lung tumors is not certain and multiple factors participate in their development, preventative measures have not been completely successful and studies have focused on developing new treatment strategies for them. The aim of current review is to provide a comprehensive discussion about application of hyaluronic acid-based nanostructures for treatment of breast and lung cancers. The main reason of using hyaluronic acidbased nanoparticles is their ability in targeting breast and lung cancers in a selective way due to upregulation of CD44 receptor on their surface. Moreover, nanocarriers developed from hyaluronic acid or functionalized with hyaluronic acid have high biocompatibility and their safety is appreciated. The drugs and genes used for treatment of breast and lung cancers lack specific accumulation at cancer site and their cytotoxicity is low, but hyaluronic acid-based nanostructures provide their targeted delivery to tumor site and by increasing internalization of drugs and genes in breast and lung tumor cells, they improve their therapeutic index. Furthermore, hyaluronic acid-based nanostructures can be used for phototherapy-mediated breast and lung cancers ablation. The stimuli-responsive and smart kinds of hyaluronic acid-based nanostructures such as pH- and light-responsive can increase se

关键词： Hyaluronic acid Nanocarriers Breast cancer Lung cancer Cancer therapy Targeted drug and gene delivery

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Recent advances on chitosan/hyaluronic acid-based stimuli-responsive hydrogels and composites for cancer treatment: A comprehensive review

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES 2024年第Pt 3期280卷 135893页

作者： alsaikhan, fahad Farhood, Bagher Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ Coll Pharm Alkharj Saudi Arabia Ibn Sina Natl Coll Med Studies Sch Pharm Jeddah Saudi Arabia Kashan Univ Med Sci Fac Paramed Sci Dept Med Phys & Radiol Kashan Iran

Cancer, as leading cause of death, has a high rate of mortality worldwide. Although there is a wide variety of conventional approaches for the treatment of cancer (such as surgery and chemotherapy), they have considerable drawbacks in terms of practicality, treatment efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, there is a fundamental requirement for the development of safe and efficient treatment modalities based on breakthrough technologies to suppress cancer. Chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) polysaccharides, as FDA-approved biomaterials for some biomedical applications, are potential biopolymers for the efficient treatment of cancer. CS and HA have high biocompatibility, bioavailability, biodegradability, and immunomodulatory function which guarantee their safety and non-toxicity. CS-/HA-based hydrogels (HGs)/composites stand out for their potential anticancer function, versatile preparation and modification, ease of administration, controlled/sustained drug release, and active and passive drug internalization into target cells which is crucial for efficient treatment of cancer compared with conventional treatment approaches. These HGs/composites can respond to external (magnetic, ultrasound, light, and thermal) and internal (pH, enzyme, redox, and ROS) stimuli as well which further paves the way to their manipulation, targeted drug delivery, practicality, and efficient treatment. The above-mentioned properties of CS-/HA-based HGs/composites are unique and practical in cancer treatment which can ignore the deficiencies of conventional approaches. The present manuscript comprehensively highlights the advances in the practical application of stimuli-responsive HGs/composites based on CS/HA polysaccharides.

关键词： Chitosan Hyaluronic acid Hydrogel Composite Stimuli-responsive drug delivery Cancer therapy

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