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Current ART, determinants for virologic failure and implications for HIV drug resistance: an umbrella review

AIDS RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2023年第1期20卷 1-22页

作者： Seyedalinaghi, Seyedahmad Afsahi, Amir Masoud Moradi, Ali Parmoon, Zohal Habibi, Pedram Mirzapour, Pegah Dashti, Mohsen Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh Karimi, Elaheh Sanaati, Foziye Hamedi, Zahra Molla, Ayoob Mehraeen, Esmaeil dadras, omid Univ Tehran Med Sci Iranian Inst Reduct High Risk Behav Iranian Res Ctr HIV AIDS Tehran Iran Univ Calif San Diego UCSD Sch Med Dept Radiol San Diego CA USA Univ Tehran Med Sci Sch Med Tehran Iran Tabriz Univ Med Sci Dept Radiol Tabriz Iran Maragheh Univ Med Sci Sch Nursing & Allied Med Sci Maragheh Iran Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci Tehran Iran Bushehr Univ Med Sci Sch Med Bushehr Iran Khalkhal Univ Med Sci Dept Hlth Informat Technol Khalkhal *** Iran Haukland Univ Hosp Dept Addict Med Bergen Addict Res Bergen Norway

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence of determinants for virologic failure and to identify predisposing factors to enhance treatment efficacy. Tackling this global public health issue is the key to reducing the rate of virological failure and increasing the success of treatment for those living with *** umbrella review delves into various aspects of current anti-retroviral therapy (ART) which is the primary treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Comprehensive searches were conducted in online databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to May 26, 2023. Following the screening and selection of relevant articles, eligible articles were included in the data extraction. This study adhered to the PRISMA guideline to report the results and employed the NIH quality and bias risk assessment tool to ensure the quality of included *** total, 40 review studies published from 2015 to 2023 were included. The bulk of these studies concurred on several major factors contributing to HIV drug resistance and virological failure. Key among these were medication adherence, baseline and therapeutic CD4 levels, the presence of co-infections, and the advanced clinical stage of the *** resistance to HIV drugs and instances of determinants for virologic failure have a profound impact on the life quality of those infected with HIV. Primary contributors to this scenario include insufficient adherence to treatment, decreased CD4 T-cell count, elevated viral levels, and certain treatment regimens. Implementing appropriate interventions could address these issues. Sub-Saharan Africa exhibits elevated rates of determinants for virologic failure, attributed to the delay in HIV testing and diagnosis, and late initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). It is essential to undertake further research aimed at enhancing the detection of resistance in HIV patients and mitigating viral

关键词： Antiretroviral therapy ART Virologic failure HIV AIDS

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Prevalence of and risk factors for HCV among incarcerated people at Great Tehran Prison: a cross-sectional study

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRISONER HEALTH 2023年第4期19卷 536-544页

作者： SeyedAlinaghi, SeyedAhmad Farhoudi, Behnam Shahmohamadi, Elnaz Rasoolinejad, Mehrnaz Hasannezhad, Maliheh Rashidi, Mohammad Rasool dadras, omid Moradi, Ali Parmoon, Zohal Ebrahimi, Hooman Asadollahi-Amin, Ali Univ Tehran Med Sci Iranian Inst Reduct High Risk Behav Iranian Res Ctr HIV AIDS Tehran Iran Islamic Azad Univ Amir al Momenin Hosp Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr Tehran Med Sci Tehran Iran Univ Bergen Dept Global Publ Hlth & Primary Care Bergen Norway Univ Tehran Med Sci Tehran Iran

PurposeHepatitis C is one of the major health issues in both developed and developing countries. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is more common in prisoners than in the general population. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of HCV and its associated risk factors in Iranian male prisoners in Tehran. Design/methodology/approachIn this cross-sectional study, the authors investigated the frequency and risk factors of hepatitis C infection among male prisoners in the Great Tehran Prison. Information on risk factors including the length of imprisonment, previous history of imprisonment, history of drug injection, history of tattooing, history of piercing, history of high-risk sex and family history of hepatitis C were extracted from patients' records. To evaluate HCV status, blood samples were collected and tested. FindingsIn this study, 179 participants were included. Nine participants (5.0%, 95% CI, 2.3-9.3) were positive for hepatitis C. HCV infection was not significantly associated with age, marital status, education, previous history of imprisonment, length of imprisonment, piercing and high-risk sex;however, there was a significant association between a history of tattooing and a history of injecting drug use and Hepatitis C. Originality/valueThe prevalence of hepatitis C among male prisoners in Great Tehran Prison was 5% in this study, similar to recent studies on prisoners in Tehran. A history of drug injections as well as tattooing were the most important risk factors for hepatitis C in male prisoners.

关键词： HCV Prisoners Injecting drug use Prevalence Health in prison Prison Hepatitis C

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The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on service delivery and treatment outcomes in people living with HIV: a systematic review

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AIDS RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2023年第1期20卷 1-17页

作者： SeyedAlinaghi, SeyedAhmad Mirzapour, Pegah Pashaei, Zahra Afzalian, Arian Tantuoyir, Marcarious M. Salmani, Roghayeh Maroufi, Seyed Farzad Paranjkhoo, Parinaz Maroufi, Seyede Parmis Badri, Hajar Varshochi, Sanaz Vahedi, Farzin Mehraeen, Esmaeil dadras, omid Univ Tehran Med Sci Iranian Inst Reduct High Risk Behav Iranian Res Ctr HIV AIDS Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Sch Med Tehran Iran Univ Ghana Med Ctr UGMC Biomed Engn Unit Accra Ghana Khalkhal Univ Med Sci Dept Midwifery Khalkhal Iran Amer Univ Armenia Turpanjian Coll Hlth Sci Yerevan 0019 Armenia Semnan Univ Med Sci Fac Med Semnan Iran Khalkhal Univ Med Sci Dept Hlth Informat Technol Khalkhal *** Iran Univ Bergen Dept Global Publ Hlth & Primary Care Bergen Norway

Introduction : The COVID-19 epidemic and various control and mitigation measures to combat the widespread outbreak of the disease may affect other parts of health care systems. There is a concern that the COVID-19 pandemic could disrupt HIV services. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on service delivery and treatment outcomes in people with *** : In this study, a systematic search was conducted using the keywords in the online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. The retrieved articles underwent a two-step title/abstract and full-text review process, and the eligible papers were selected and included in the qualitative *** : We selected 16 studies out of 529 retrieved records that met the inclusion criteria for this review. Study populations of the selected studies were either HIV-positive patients or HIV clinics and healthcare providers. Most studies were focused on adhering to and obtaining medication and attending clinical appointments and their decrement during the pandemic. Other aspects of HIV care (alternative healthcare settings, viral suppression, psychological care, etc.) were discussed to a lesser extent by the included *** : Interruption in in-person visits and medical follow-up services, loss of adherence to treatment, and subsequent increase in mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic complications in PLHIV have led to growing concerns. Other challenges were psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression, an increase in substance abuse, and a rise in experienced stigma and discrimination. However, the use of telemedicine in some countries helps to alleviate the situation to some extent and is recommended in similar settings in the future.

关键词： COVID-19 Services Treatment outcomes PLHIV SARS-CoV-2 HIV AIDS

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Prevalence of COVID-19 in prison population: a meta-analysis of 35 studies

International journal of prison health

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International journal of prison health 2024年第4期20卷 393-409页

作者： SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi Soudabeh Yarmohammadi Farid Farahani Rad Muhammad Ali Rasheed Mohammad Javaherian Amir Masoud Afsahi Haleh Siami AmirBehzad Bagheri Ali Zand omid dadras Esmaeil Mehraeen Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran. Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran. Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran. Department of Radiology University of California San Diego CA USA. Islamic Azad University Shahreza Iran. Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA. Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil Iran and Department of Health Information Technology Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences Khalkhal Iran.

PURPOSE:COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Considering the restricted and enclosed nature of prisons and closed environments and the prolonged and close contact between individuals, COVID-19 is more likely to have a higher incidence in these settings. This study aims to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 among prisoners. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH:Papers published in English from 2019 to July 7, 2023, were identified using relevant keywords such as prevalence, COVID-19 and prisoner in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar. For the meta-analysis of the prevalence, Cochrane's statistics were calculated. A random effect model was used due to the heterogeneity in COVID-19 prevalence across included studies in the meta-analysis. All analyses were performed in STATA-13. FINDINGS:The pooled data presented a COVID-19 prevalence of 20% [95%CI: 0.13, 0.26] and 24% [95%CI: 0.07, 0.41], respectively, in studies that used PCR and antibody tests. Furthermore, two study designs, cross-sectional and cohort, were used. The results of the meta-analysis showed studies with cross-sectional and cohort designs reported 20% [95%CI: 0.11, 0.29] and 25% [95%CI: 0.13, 0.38], respectively. ORIGINALITY/VALUE:Through more meticulous planning, it is feasible to reduce the number of individuals in prison cells, thereby preventing the further spread of COVID-19.

关键词： COVID-19 Prevalence Prisoners SARS-CoV-2

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COVID-19 mortality in patients with immunodeficiency and its predictors: a systematic review

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH 2022年第1期27卷 1页

作者： SeyedAlinaghi, SeyedAhmad Karimi, Amirali Barzegary, Alireza Mojdeganlou, Hengameh Vahedi, Farzin Mirghaderi, Seyed Peyman Shobeiri, Parnian Ramezani, Maryam Yousefi Konjdar, Parisa Mirzapour, Pegah Tantuoyir, Marcarious M. Mehraeen, Esmaeil dadras, omid Voltarelli, Fabricio Univ Tehran Med Sci Iranian Inst Reduct High Risk Behav Iranian Res Ctr HIV AIDS Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Sch Med Tehran Iran Islamic Azad Univ Sch Med Tehran Iran Urmia Univ Med Sci Dept Pathol Orumiyeh Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Sch Publ Hlth Dept Hlth Management Policy & Econ Tehran Iran Kashan Univ Med Sci Fac Paramed Dept Hlth Informat Management Kashan Iran Univ Ghana Med Ctr UGMC Biomed Engn Unit Accra Ghana Khalkhal Univ Med Sci Dept Hlth Informat Technol Khalkhal Iran Univ Bergen Dept Global Publ Hlth & Primary Care Bergen Norway Univ Fed Mato Grosso Fac Med Grad Program Hlth Sci Cuiaba Mato Grosso Brazil

Introduction Patients with immunodeficiency are usually more prone to worse outcomes of infectious diseases. However, there are some disagreements in the context of COVID-19, for example, in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Herein, we aimed to systematically review the risk and predictors of COVID-19 mortality in people with primary or secondary immunodeficiency. Methods PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct were searched. We followed a two-step screening process to identify eligible results. We first reviewed the title and abstract of the records and the unqualified studies were removed. Then, their full texts were evaluated based on their coherence with the purpose and inclusion/exclusion criteria, and those eligible for qualitative synthesis were included. Results Twenty-two articles were included, which investigated a total of 109,326 with primary or secondary immunodeficiencies. Three studies investigated the pediatric and infant population, while other studies were conducted on the adult population. Overall, studies on both primary and secondary immunodeficiency conflicted as some reported higher and some mentioned lower mortality rates in patients with immunodeficiency. Conclusions Overall, there were two points of view in both types of immunodeficiencies. The first is the classical viewpoint that all immunodeficient patients are at a higher risk of infection leading to a higher mortality rate. The second types of studies found that immunodeficiency might play a less important or even an inverse role in mortality rates by lowering the severity of the inflammatory response. However, it is important to take note to comorbidities, such as DM, HTN, CAD, ESRD, history of lower respiratory infection, etc., and demographic factors, such as obesity and age > 70 years, as they appear to influence the mortality rate, especially in patients with secondary immunodeficiency.

关键词： COVID-19 Immunocompromised Immunodeficiency Immunosuppression Impaired immune response SARS-CoV-2 Comorbidities

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The immunologic outcomes and adverse events of COVID-19 vaccine booster dose in immunosuppressed people: A systematic review

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PREVENTIVE MEDICINE REPORTS 2024年 44卷 102778-102778页

作者： Seyedalinaghi, Seyedahmad Dashti, Mohsen Afzalian, Arian Siami, Haleh Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh Varshochi, Sanaz Parikhani, Sahar Nooralioghli Amrollah, Masoomeh Fathi Nourian, Anahid Mehraeen, Esmaeil dadras, omid Univ Tehran Med Sci Iranian Inst Reduct High Risk Behav Iranian Res Ctr HIV AIDS Tehran Iran Tabriz Univ Med Sci Dept Radiol Tabriz Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Sch Med Tehran Iran Islamic Azad Univ Sch Med Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Fac Pharm Dept Pharmacotherapy Tehran Iran Khalkhal Univ Med Sci Dept Hlth Informat Technol Khalkhal *** Iran

Introduction: This study examines the efficacy and safety of three COVID-19 booster vaccines including mRNAbased vaccines (BNT162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer) and/or mRNA-1273 (Moderna)), Non-Replicating Viral-Vector vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AstraZeneca) and/or Ad26. COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson)), and Protein Subunit vaccine (SpikoGen) in immunosuppressed patients. Methods: Relevant articles were systematically searched using medical subject heading (MeSH) and keywords "COVID-19" and "booster dose" or "booster vaccine" or ''fourth dose" in the online databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. To identify eligible studies, a two-phase screening process was implemented. Initially, three researchers evaluated the studies based on the relevancy of the title and abstract. Results: A total of 58 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The findings suggest that booster doses offer greater protection against the disease than the primary dose. The study also compared various vaccine types, revealing that viral vector and nucleic acid vaccines outperformed inactivated vaccines. Results indicated that individuals receiving booster doses experienced superior outcomes compared to those without boosters. Vaccination against COVID-19 emerged as the most effective preventive measure against infection and symptom severity. Elevated antibody levels post -booster dose vaccination in the population signaled robust immune responses, underscoring the benefits of supplementary vaccine doses. Conclusion: This systematic review highlights preliminary evidence supporting the immunologic outcomes and safety of COVID-19 vaccine boosters in enhancing immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. However, further research is needed to determine optimal timing intervals between primary vaccination series and boosters while considering global equity issues and variant-specific considerations.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Booster dose Adverse events Immunologic outcomes Immunogenicity

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Multiphoton Lithography of Organic Semiconductor Devices for 3D Printing of Flexible Electronic Circuits, Biosensors, and Bioelectronics

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ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022年第30期34卷 2270220-2270220页

作者： dadras-Toussi, omid Khorrami, Milad Louis Sam Titus, Anto Sam Crosslee Majd, Sheereen Mohan, Chandra Abidian, Mohammad Reza Univ Houston Dept Biomed Engn 3517 Cullen Blvd Houston TX 77204 USA

In recent years, 3D printing of electronics have received growing attention due to their potential applications in emerging fields such as nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. Multiphoton lithography (MPL) is considered the state-of-the-art amongst the microfabrication techniques with true 3D fabrication capability owing to its excellent level of spatial and temporal control. Here, a homogenous and transparent photosensitive resin doped with an organic semiconductor material (OS), which is compatible with MPL process, is introduced to fabricate a variety of 3D OS composite microstructures (OSCMs) and microelectronic devices. Inclusion of 0.5 wt% OS in the resin enhances the electrical conductivity of the composite polymer about 10 orders of magnitude and compared to other MPL-based methods, the resultant OSCMs offer high specific electrical conductivity. As a model protein, laminin is incorporated into these OSCMs without a significant loss of activity. The OSCMs are biocompatible and support cell adhesion and growth. Glucose-oxidase-encapsulated OSCMs offer a highly sensitive glucose sensing platform with nearly tenfold higher sensitivity compared to previous glucose biosensors. In addition, this biosensor exhibits excellent specificity and high reproducibility. Overall, these results demonstrate the great potential of these novel MPL-fabricated OSCM devices for a wide range of applications from flexible bioelectronics/biosensors, to nanoelectronics and organ-on-a-chip devices.

关键词： bioelectronics biosensors electronics multiphoton lithography organic semiconductors

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A systematic review of sarcopenia prevalence and associated factors in people living with human immunodeficiency virus

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JOURNAL OF CACHEXIA SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE 2023年第3期14卷 1168-1182页

作者： SeyedAlinaghi, SeyedAhmad Ghayomzadeh, Morteza Mirzapour, Pegah Maroufi, Seyed Farzad Pashaei, Zahra Ali, Zoha Tantuoyir, Marcarious M. Aghaie, Narjes Vahedi, Farzin Salmani, Roghayeh MohsseniPour, Mehrzad Qaderi, Kowsar Shahidi, Ramin Peyman, Akram Varshochi, Sanaz Afzalian, Arian Maroufi, Seyede Parmis Mehraeen, Esmaeil dadras, omid Hackett, Daniel Univ Tehran Med Sci Iranian Inst Reduct High Risk Behav Iranian Res Ctr HIV AIDS Tehran Iran Univ Sydney Phys Activ Lifestyle Ageing & Wellbeing Fac Res Gr Fac Med & Hlth Sch Hlth Sci Sydney NSW Australia Univ Tehran Med Sci Sch Med Tehran Iran Univ Ghana Med Ctr UGMC Biomed Engn Unit Accra Ghana Univ Tehran Med Sci Sch Nursing & Midwifery Tehran Iran Khalkhal Univ Med Sci Dept Midwifery Khalkhal Iran Kermanshah Univ Med Sci Sch Nursing & Midwifery Dept Midwifery Kermanshah Iran Bushehr Univ Med Sci Sch Med Bushehr Iran Islamic Azad Univ Fac Nursing & Midwifery Dept Midwifery Tehran Med Sci Tehran Iran Semnan Univ Med Sci Fac Med Semnan Iran Khalkhal Univ Med Sci Dept Hlth Informat Technol Khalkhal Iran Univ Bergen Dept Global Publ Hlth & Primary Care Bergen Norway

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) appear to be at an increased risk of sarcopenia, which can have a devastating effect on their life due to consequences such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and finally death. This systematic review examined sarcopenia prevalence and its associated factors in PLWH. A systematic search was conducted using the keywords in the online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane databases from the dates of inception up to May 2022. The retrieved articles underwent a two-step title/abstract and full-text review process, and the eligible papers were selected and included in the qualitative synthesis. Data relating to the study population, purpose of study, gender, age, race, body mass index, medical history, paraclinical results and antiretroviral therapy as associated factors of sarcopenia were extracted. In addition, the prevalence of sarcopenia in PLWH and its promoting and reducing factors were also extracted. We reviewed the 14 related studies for identifying of sarcopenia prevalence and its associated factors in PLWH. The total number of PLWH in all the reviewed studies was 2592. There was no criterion for the minimum number of people with HIV and the lowest number of PLWH was 27, and the highest number was 860. Some studies reported a significantly higher prevalence of sarcopenia in HIV-infected individuals compared with HIV-negative controls as follows: 24.2-6.7%, 15-4% and 10-6%, respectively. We showed that, age (30-50 years), being female, >5 years post-HIV diagnosis, multiple vertebral fractures, cocaine/heroin use and lower gamma-glutamyl transferase level were the main promoting factors of sarcopenia. Higher educational level, employment, physical exercise, calf circumference >31 cm, and gait speed >0.8 m/s were also factors to reduce sarcopenia. Sarcopenia prevalence in PLWH is higher than HIV-negative population. Given the importance and prevalence of sarco

关键词： human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome sarcopenia wasting syndrome

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Gradients of Surface-Bound Laminin on Conducting Polymer Films for Potential Nerve Regeneration**Research supported by National Institute of Health, R01 NS087224.

Gradients of Surface-Bound Laminin on Conducting Polymer Fil...

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International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, CNE

作者： omid dadras-Toussi Milad Khorrami Sheereen Majd Mohammad Reza Abidian Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Houston Houston TX USA University of Houston Houston TX USA

Functional nerve recovery after the injury is crucial in the field of neural interfaces. Although numerous technologies have already been established to promote nerve regeneration, effective nerve guidance in long distances (over 10 mm) still remains challenging. Herein, we report a novel technique to fabricate long gradients of substrate-bound laminin protein on conducting polymer films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The developed methodology allows for creation of various gradient profiles of laminin on PEDOT films to modulate axonal regeneration. These bioactive and conductive platforms can potentially be employed to promote axonal regeneration in the long nerve gaps.

关键词： Proteins Printing Correlation Neural engineering Polymer films National Institutes of Health Surface treatment

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The effect of macronutrient and micronutrient supplements on COVID-19: an umbrella review

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JOURNAL OF HEALTH POPULATION AND NUTRITION 2024年第1期43卷 1页

作者： Seyedalinaghi, Seyedahmad Shahidi, Ramin Mojdeganlou, Hengameh Akhtaran, Fatemeh Khajeh Maroufi, Seyed Farzad Maroufi, Seyede Parmis Mirzapour, Pegah Karimi, Amirali Khodaei, Sepideh Pour, Mehrzad Mohsseni Mehraeen, Esmaeil dadras, omid Univ Tehran Med Sci Iranian Inst Reduct High Risk Behav Iranian Res Ctr HIV AIDS Tehran Iran Bushehr Univ Med Sci Sch Med Bushehr Iran Johns Hopkins Univ Sch Med Dept Pathol Baltimore MD USA Shahid Beheshti Univ Fac Math Sci Social & Econ Stat Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Sch Med Tehran Iran Semnan Univ Med Sci Fac Med Semnan Iran Khalkhal Univ Med Sci Dept Hlth Informat Technol Khalkhal *** Iran Haukeland Hosp Dept Addict Med Bergen Addict Res Bergen Norway

Background and aimsA healthy diet play an important role in the prevention and even treatment of various diseases. Proper nutrition plays an important role in boosting of immune system. These include the consumption of macronutrients such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and also micronutrients including vitamins. Here, we aimed to systematically review the effects of macronutrients and micronutrients on the prevention and treatment of *** searched the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science on December 23, 2023. The records were downloaded into an EndNote file, the duplicates were removed, and the studies underwent a two-phase screening process based on their title/abstracts and full texts. The included articles were screened and underwent inclusion and exclusion criteria. We included the English systematic reviews and meta-analyses that concurred with the aim of our study. The selected articles were assessed by Cochrane's Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews for the quality check. The data of the eligible studies were extracted in a pre-designed word table and were used for the qualitative *** total of 28 reviews were included in this study. Most studies have shown that micronutrients are effective in morbidity and mortality controlling in viral respiratory infections such as COVID-19 but some studies have shown that micronutrients are sometimes not effective in controlling severity. On the other hand, calcifediol was by far the most successful agent in reducing intensive care needs and mortality between *** without malnutrition had a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease. The administration of Vitamin D is effective in reducing the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 patients. Patients with vitamin D deficiency were more prone to experience severe infection, and they were at higher risk of morbidities and mortality. Other micronutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B, and Zin

关键词： COVID-19 Macronutrients Micronutrients Nutrition Nutrients SARS-CoV-2

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