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IMF Standby Agreements and Inequality: The Role of Informality

REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS 2025年第0期

作者： Elgin, Ceyhun elveren, adem yavuz Bogazici Univ Dept Econ Istanbul Turkiye Fitchburg State Univ Fitchburg MA USA Izmir Univ Econ Dept Econ Izmir Turkiye

We use a relatively large annual (unbalanced) cross-country panel data set that includes the Gini index and the estimated household income inequality as the two relevant inequality metrics and covers the period from 1950 to 2018 for 159 countries, and we investigate the response of two inequality metrics to International Monetary Fund (IMF) standby programs. Our empirical analysis indicates that in countries where the informal sector size (as % GDP) is relatively larger, the extent of income inequality increases after IMF standby agreements. We also show that the opposite is true when the informal sector size is small, that is, inequality declines after these IMF programs.

关键词： IMF inequality informal sector panel data structural reforms

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The nexus of economic growth, military expenditures, and income inequality

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QUALITY & QUANTITY 2017年第4期51卷 1821-1842页

作者： Tongur, Unal elveren, adem yavuz Akdeniz Univ Dept Econ Dumlupinar Bulvari TR-07058 Antalya Turkey Fitchburg State Univ Dept Econ Hist & Polit Sci 160 Pearl St Fitchburg MA 01420 USA

This paper examines the effect of military expenditures on economic growth by utilizing dynamic panel data analysis for 82 countries for the period of 1988-2008. Considering the possible effect of inequality on the military expenditures-economic growth nexus, this paper incorporates inequality along with its interaction with human capital into an augmented Solow growth model. The general finding is that military expenditures have a negative impact on economic growth, valid for several model specifications and sensitivity analyses. The negative impact holds when heterogeneity stemming from different country groups (e.g., development level, arms trade, fuel dependency) is considered. Also, the findings show that negative impact of military expenditure on growth for arms exporter and/or arms importer countries is weaker than those for other countries. Regarding income inequality and human capital, the findings suggest that human capital has a positive effect on growth, as expected. Income inequality on the other hand, has negative direct effect on economic growth. Considering these two variables together, the findings show that income inequality deteriorates growth for lower levels of human capital, whereas the impact of inequality on growth turns out to be positive for higher levels of human capital.

关键词： Military expenditure Growth Income inequality Human capital Solow growth model

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Militarization, gender inequality, and growth: a feminist-Kaleckian model

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JOURNAL OF POST KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS 2024年第2期47卷 245-262页

作者： elveren, adem yavuz Amer Univ Bulgaria Blagoevgrad Bulgaria Izmir Univ Econ Izmir Turkiye

While some economic models exist on the nexus of military spending and economic growth, and comprehensive theory on the mechanisms through which militarization affects gender inequality, there are no structural models to show how military spending affects economic growth through gender inequality. This paper introduces a feminist-Kaleckian model to examine this mechanism. The main implication of the suggested model is that higher military spending is likely to increase gender inequality, and thereby reduce economic growth. This is because the marginal propensity to consume between men and women is different and military spending reduces the productive capacity of the economy in the long run.

关键词： Military spending gender inequality economic growth neo-Kaleckian economics

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Wage Inequality In Turkey: Decomposition By Statistical Regions, 1980-2001

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Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies 2010年第1期22卷 55-72页

作者： elveren, adem yavuz Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Department of Economics Turkey

This paper analyzes wage inequality in the Turkish manufacturing sector annually from 1980 to 2001, and also provides some evidence for inequality in the post- 2001 period. Using the between- groups component of Theil's T statistic, the paper provides more information on wage inequality. It decomposes the evolution of inequality by statistical regions - The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics - (i.e. NUTS- 1 and NUTS- 2). The decompositions show that inequality has increased since the late 1980s in the private sector both between regions of NUTS- 1 and NUTS- 2. © The Applied Regional Science Conference (ARSC)/Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd. 2010.

关键词： WAGES INCOME distribution QUANTITATIVE research MANUFACTURES

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Social security reform in Turkey: A heterodox approach

Social security reform in Turkey: A heterodox approach

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作者： elveren, adem yavuz The University of Utah

学位级别：Ph.D.

The main contribution of this work is to extend the framework for discussion on the privatization of social security by applying Abba Lerner's theory of functional finance and to analyze the institutional background of social security reform in Turkey, looking also at its gender dimension. To do so, by discussing the importance of Lerner's ideas for social security, we argue that, in contrast to the findings of the neoliberal model, the solution needed for extended social protection and persistent growth must involve running a social security deficit. We also show the sustainability of the social security deficit in a simple model. Next, we provide a critical review of the literature on social security privatizations and show some negative outcomes for Turkey by discussing the ongoing reform from a radical institutional perspective. We argue that welfare losses incurred by the increasing nonparticipation of the government decrease income certainty for beneficiaries and expose individuals to the risk of fluctuations in the economy in general, and of the stock market in particular. Next, we use an autoregressive stochastic model in order to show the effect of some disadvantages for women on retirement benefits in Turkey under different scenarios. Our findings show that without any modifications in favor of women, the current individual pension system perpetuates and deepens the gender gap.

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Hidden gender dimensions of the brain drain: the case of Turkey

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NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY 2019年第60期60卷 33-59页

作者： elveren, adem yavuz Toksoz, Gulay Fitchburg State Univ Fitchburg MA 01420 USA Ankara Univ Ankara Turkey

This study examines the gender dimension of the brain drain in Turkey, drawing on the results of an online survey to argue that the gender inequality present in sending countries can serve as a push factor in women's decisions to migrate and return or not return. The results indicate that the gender gap in the labor market in Turkey is an important factor in shaping the return intentions of female Turkish professionals and students living abroad. The findings reveal a gender gap in return intentions independent of other main factors, such as age, field of study/occupation, or duration of stay.

关键词： Brain drain gender skilled workers students migration

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Deunionization and pay inequality in OECD Countries: A panel Granger causality approach

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ECONOMIC MODELLING 2014年 38卷 417-425页

作者： Tongur, Unal elveren, adem yavuz Middle E Tech Univ TR-06531 Ankara Turkey Keene State Coll Keene NH USA

The impact of unionization on wage inequality has been examined by a vast literature. Focusing mostly on the US and the UK in time series analyses or on OECD countries in panel data analyses, a bulk of these studies have found a negative impact of deunionization (i.e. decline in the union density rate) on distribution of wages. By utilizing two inequality data sets both provided by the University of Texas Inequality Project and the union density data set provided by OECD this paper contributes to the literature, analyzing the causality relationship between deunionization and pay inequality for 24 OECD countries for the 1963-2000 period within a panel Granger structure. Our findings show not only that there is causality from union density to income inequality but also, perhaps more importantly, point out that there is causality running from income inequality to union density for various set of countries and time periods. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Union membership Pay inequality Income inequality Panel Granger

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The impact of military spending and income inequality on economic growth in Turkey

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DEFENCE AND PEACE ECONOMICS 2016年第3期27卷 433-452页

作者： Tongur, Unal elveren, adem yavuz Middle E Tech Univ Dept Econ TR-06531 Ankara Turkey Keene State Coll Dept Econ Keene NH USA

An extensive literature on the effect of military expenditures on economic growth yields conflicting results. However, a crucial issue that has not been investigated in this context is the possible effect of inequality. The impact of military expenditures on economic growth in Turkey has also received substantial attention. Yet, the majority of these studies are not constructed based on a structural model, but rather examine the causality between the variables in question. Considering these two shortcomings in the literature and the lack of consistent results, this study attempts to provide further evidence for the relationship between military expenditures and economic growth for the case of Turkey by considering income inequality within an augmented Solow growth model. Our findings for the 1963-2008 period show that while income inequality has a positive impact on economic growth, military expenditures have no significant effect.

关键词： Growth Military expenditure Solow growth model Human capital Income inequality C22 O11 H56

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Wage-productivity gap and discrimination against Syrian refugees: Evidence from Turkey

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ECONOMIC AND LABOUR RELATIONS REVIEW 2024年第2期35卷 243-255页

作者： Elgin, Ceyhun elveren, adem yavuz American Univ Bulgaria Blagoevgrad Bulgaria Bogazici Univ Istanbul Turkiye Izmir Univ Econ Izmir Turkiye

In this paper, we introduce a unique dataset derived from a survey conducted among 450 Syrian refugee workers and the owners/managers of the firms in which they are employed in Istanbul, Turkey. We utilise this data to investigate the connection between the wage-productivity gap and perceived economic and social discrimination. The findings of the study indicate that individuals facing a wider wage-productivity gap tend to report higher levels of economic and social discrimination. These results remain consistent even after incorporating various variables at both the worker and firm levels into the analysis. These findings imply potential policy recommendations that policymakers should take into account.

关键词： discrimination exploitation survey data Syrian refugees Turkey J15 J46 J61

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Does Income Inequality Derive the Separatist Terrorism in Turkey?

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DEFENCE AND PEACE ECONOMICS 2014年第3期25卷 311-327页

作者： Derin-Gure, Pinar elveren, adem yavuz Middle E Tech Univ Dept Econ TR-06531 Ankara Turkey Kahramanmaras SI Univ Kahramanmaras Dept Econ Kahramanmaras Turkey

Separatist terrorism has been a severe problem for Turkey since the mid-1980s. The conventional wisdom contends that economic deprivation in southeastern Turkey is the fundamental reason for the long-running battle against the Kurdish rebels. Considering that there is limited empirical literature on the roots of terrorism in Turkey, yielding conflicting results about the claim that the main cause of terrorism is deprived economic conditions, this study aims to answer whether there is a causal relationship between income inequality and separatist terrorism in Turkey. To this end, the Global Terrorism Data Base for the period of 1973-2006, two Theil indices of pay inequality as proxy for income inequality, and the vector autoregression and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) methods are utilized. The results support the early findings that income inequality, a particular focus in this paper and an essential indicator of economic deprivation, is not a main cause of escalation of separatist terrorism in Turkey.

关键词： Economics of terrorism Income inequality Separatist terrorism

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