In the present study, we investigated the solvent effect on ultrafast dynamics of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state in multi-branched thiophene-based triphenylamine derivatives with a triazine core (STAPA...
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In the present study, we investigated the solvent effect on ultrafast dynamics of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state in multi-branched thiophene-based triphenylamine derivatives with a triazine core (STAPA-a and STAPA-b). The experimental results showed that the fluorescence of STAPA-a and STAPA-b originated from the ICT state. In a weakly polar solvent toluene, the relaxation of the ICT state showed mono-exponential decay due to the absence of the influence of solvent polarity, which directly reflected the fluorescence lifetime. In polar solvents tetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane, accelerated evolutions of ICT states and multi-exponential processes were exhibited because of the interaction between solvent and solute. Furthermore, to explore the influence of the molecular structure on the dynamics of the ICT state, we compared the fluorescence relaxation processes in solvents with different viscosity. We found that the time-resolved properties of STAPA-b exhibit significant differences due to the introduction of alkyl chains. (C) 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Carnivorous members of the Carnivora reside at the apex of food chains and consume meat-only diets, rich in purine, fats and protein. Here, we aimed to identify potential adaptive evolutionary signatures compatible wi...
Carnivorous members of the Carnivora reside at the apex of food chains and consume meat-only diets, rich in purine, fats and protein. Here, we aimed to identify potential adaptive evolutionary signatures compatible with high purine and fat metabolism based on analysis of host genomes and symbiotic gut microbial metagenomes. We found that the gut microbiomes of carnivorous Carnivora (e.g., Felidae, Canidae) clustered in the same Glade, and other clades comprised omnivorous and herbivorous Carnivora (e.g., badgers, bears and pandas). The relative proportions of genes encoding enzymes involved in uric acid degradation were higher in the gut microbiomes of meat-eating carnivorans than plant-eating species. Adaptive amino acid substitutions in two enzymes, carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1A) and lipase F (LIPF), which play a role in fat digestion, were identified in Felidae-Candidae species. Carnivorous carnivorans appear to endure diets high in purines and fats via gut microbiomic and genomic adaptations.
Indicine cattle, also referred to as zebu (Bos taurus indicus), play a central role in pastoral communities across a wide range of agro-ecosystems, from extremely hot semiarid regions to hot humid tropical regions. Ho...
Indicine cattle, also referred to as zebu (Bos taurus indicus), play a central role in pastoral communities across a wide range of agro-ecosystems, from extremely hot semiarid regions to hot humid tropical regions. However, their adaptive genetic changes following their dispersal into East Asia from the Indian subcontinent have remained poorly documented. Here, we characterize their global genetic diversity using high-quality whole-genome sequencing data from 354 indicine cattle of 57 breeds/populations, including major indicine phylogeographic groups worldwide. We reveal their probable migration into East Asia was along a coastal route rather than inland routes and we detected introgression from other bovine species. Genomic regions carrying morphology-, immune-, and heat-tolerance-related genes underwent divergent selection according to Asian agro-ecologies. We identify distinct sets of loci that contain promising candidate variants for adaptation to hot semi-arid and hot humid tropical ecosystems. Our results indicate that the rapid and successful adaptation of East Asian indicine cattle to hot humid environments was promoted by localized introgression from banteng and/or gaur. Our findings provide insights into the history and environmental adaptation of indicine cattle.
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