There are three known high-affinity targets for cocaine: the dopamine transporter (DAT), the serotonin transporter (SERT), and the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Decades of studies support the dopamine (DA) hypothe...
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There are three known high-affinity targets for cocaine: the dopamine transporter (DAT), the serotonin transporter (SERT), and the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Decades of studies support the dopamine (DA) hypothesis that the blockade of DAT and the subsequent increase in extracellular DA primarily mediate cocaine reward and reinforcement. Contrary to expectations, DAT knockout (DAT-KO) mice and SERT or NET knockout mice still self-administer cocaine and/or display conditioned place preference (CPP) to cocaine, which led to the reevaluation of the DA hypothesis and the proposal of redundant reward pathways. To study the role of DAT in cocaine reward, we have generated a knockin mouse line carrying a functional DAT that is insensitive to cocaine. In these mice, cocaine suppressed locomotor activity, did not elevate extracellular DA in the nucleus accumbens, and did not produce reward as measured by CPP. This result suggests that blockade of DAT is necessary for cocaine reward in mice with a functional DAT. This mouse model is unique in that it is specifically designed to differentiate the role of DAT from the roles of NET and SERT in cocaine-induced biochemical and behavioral effects.
An integrated electrooptical E-field sensor using a proton exchanged LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) interferometer with a combined antenna and modulation electrode structure is designed and fabricated. The experimental res...
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Shanghai launched the research of monitoring the land subsidence with GPS since 1998,which includes the demonstration of monitoring land subsidence with GPS,the construction of GPS fiducial network,GPS Data processing...
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Shanghai launched the research of monitoring the land subsidence with GPS since 1998,which includes the demonstration of monitoring land subsidence with GPS,the construction of GPS fiducial network,GPS Data processing and network adjustment ***,the GPS fiducial network making up of 34 sites which almost cover the whole Shanghai region was *** the other hand,to improve the precision of the GPS fiducial network and the spatio-temporal resolution of Shanghai land subsidence monitoring,four GPS Continuously Operating Reference Stations(CORS)have been constructed on ***,based on the work accomplished,we introduce and summarize the experience ***'s more,to examine what precision of ellipsoid height can be achieved,get the reasonable observation program and the best scheme of GPS Data processing,we analyzed six groups of GPS data observed since 1998 with software GAMIT/GLOBK and GPS *** indicate that the precision of WGS-84 ellipsoid height can be best as 2mm even the baseline's length is up to *** order of precision can be used to separate the subsidence more than 3mm,which can perfectly meet the need of Shanghai land subsidence monitoring.
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