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Genetic viability and population histo end to the "Evolutionary dead end"?

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 2007年第8期24卷 1801-1810页

作者： Zhang, Baowei Li, Ming Zhang, Zejun Goossens, Benoit Zhu, Lifeng Zhang, Shanning Hu, Jinchu Bruford, Michael W. wei, fuwen Chinese Acad Sci Inst Zool Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol Beijing Peoples R China China W Normal Univ Inst Rare Anim & Plants Nanchong Sichuan Peoples R China Cardiff Univ Sch Business Biodivers & Ecol Proc Grp Cardiff Wales

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is currently threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation, and human persecution. Its dietary specialization, habitat isolation, and reproductive constraints have led to a perception that this is a species at an "evolutionary dead end," destined for deterministic extinction in the modem world. Here we examine this perception by a comprehensive investigation of its genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history across its geographic range. We present analysis of 655 base pairs of mitochondrial (mt) control region (CR) DNA and 10 microsatellite loci for samples from its 5 extant mountain populations (Qinling, Minshan, Qionglai, Liangshan, and Lesser Xiangling). Surprisingly, extant populations display average to high levels of CR and microsatellite diversity compared with other bear species. Genetic differentiation among populations was significant in most cases but was markedly higher between Qinling and the other mountain ranges, suggesting, minimally, that the Qinling population should comprise a separate management unit for conservation purposes. Recent demographic inference using in icrosate I lite markers demonstrated a clear genetic signature for population decline starting several thousands years ago or even futher back in the past, and being accelerated and enhanced by the expansion of human populations. Importantly, these data suggest that the panda is not a species at an evolutionary "dead end," but in common with other large carnivores, has suffered demographically at the hands of human pressure. Conservation strategies should therefore focus on the restoration arid protection of wild habitat and the maintenance of the currently substantial regional genetic diversity, through active management of disconnected populations.

关键词： genetic diversity population structure population demography evolutionary dead end

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Phylogeography and population structure of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) inferred from mitochondrial control region DNA sequence analysis

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MOLECULAR ECOLOGY 2007年第16期16卷 3334-3349页

作者： Liu, Zhijin Ren, Baoping wei, fuwen Long, Yongcheng Hao, Yanli Ll, Ming Chinese Acad Sci Inst Zool Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Grad Sch Beijing 100039 Peoples R China Nature Conservancy China Program Kunming 650034 Yunnan Peoples R China

Rhinopithecus bieti, the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, is the nonhuman primate with the highest altitudinal distribution and is also one of the 25 most globally endangered primate species. Currently, R. bieti is found in forests between 3000 and 4500 m above sea level, within a narrow area on the Tibetan Plateau between the Yangtze and Mekong rivers, where it is suffering from loss of habitat and shrinking population size (similar to 1500). To assess the genetic diversity within this species, its population structure and to infer its evolutionary history, we sequenced 401 bp of the hypervariable I (HVI) segment from the mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) for 157 individuals from 11 remnant patches throughout the fragmented distribution area. Fifty-two variable sites were observed and 30 haplotypes were defined. Compared with other primate species, R. bieti cannot be regarded as a taxon with low genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis partitioned haplotypes into two divergent haplogroups (A and B). Haplotypes from the two mitochondrial clades were found to be mixed in some patches although the distribution of haplotypes displayed local homogeneity, implying a strong population structure within R. bieti. Analysis of molecular variance detected significant differences among the different geographical regions, suggesting that R. bieti should be separated into three management units (MUs) for conservation. Based on our results, it can be hypothesized that the genetic history of R. bieti includes an initial, presumably allopatric divergence between clades A and B 1.0-0.7 million years ago (Ma), which might have been caused by the Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, secondary contact after this divergence as a result of a population expansion 0.16-0.05 Ma, and population reduction and habitat fragmentation in the very recent past.

关键词： conservation management unit mitochondrial DNA phylogeography population structure Rhinopithecus bieti

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MEASURING DALLY RANGING DISTANCES OF THE YUNNAN SNUB-NOSED MONKEY BY A GPS COLLAR AT JINSICHANG, CHINA:A METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION

MEASURING DALLY RANGING DISTANCES OF THE YUNNAN SNUB-NOSED M...

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Japan-China Biologging Science Symposium(中日生物信标跟踪记录科学研讨会)

作者： fuwen wei Baoping Ren Ming Li Yongcheng Long Cyril C.Grueter Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing The Nature Conservancy China Program Anthropological Institute University of Zürich

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蜂桶寨自然保护区小熊猫觅食特征和营养对策

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兽类学报 2007年第3期27卷 249-256页

作者：杨建东张泽钧胡锦矗李明魏辅文中国科学院动物研究所西华师范大学珍稀动植物研究所

2002年4～11月,在蜂桶寨自然保护区对小熊猫的觅食特征和营养对策进行了研究,并采用Vanderloeg和Scavia选择指数Ei衡量小熊猫对竹笋和竹茎年龄的选择程度。结果表明,小熊猫食物由竹叶(70·5%)、竹笋(22·1%)、野果(7·2%)... 详细信息

2002年4～11月,在蜂桶寨自然保护区对小熊猫的觅食特征和营养对策进行了研究,并采用Vanderloeg和Scavia选择指数Ei衡量小熊猫对竹笋和竹茎年龄的选择程度。结果表明,小熊猫食物由竹叶(70·5%)、竹笋(22·1%)、野果(7·2%)以及毛(0·2%)等组成。小熊猫几乎全以冷箭竹为食,未发现采食短锥玉山竹。春季食物主要由竹叶和竹笋组成,夏秋季主要由竹叶和果实组成,而冬季以竹叶为主。小熊猫对竹笋、竹叶的觅食具有很强的选择性。基径在3mm以上被采食竹笋,Ei的值为0·0719～0·0944,竹高在10～70cm未被采食竹笋,Ei的值为0·1496～0·1989。对不同年龄竹茎和竹叶的选择在各个月份间存在变化,4～6月一年生、二年生和多年生竹竹叶Ei分别为0·0362、0·2248和0·4876,7～8月三者Ei分别为0·0071、0·0027和0·0098,9～11月特别喜食当年生老笋上的竹叶(Ei=0·5521)。此外,小熊猫在6～8月还特别喜食已展开(53·4%)和未展开的卷曲嫩叶(36·3%),不喜食较老的竹叶(10·3%)。小熊猫的食性及其对食物的选择体现了在长期进化过程中觅食对策的优化,可最大化觅食过程中的物质或能量摄入。

关键词：小熊猫蜂桶寨自然保护区觅食特征营养对策

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水煤浆气化生成的氨对生产系统的影响

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煤化工 2009年第2期37卷 39-41,47页

作者：陈忠王辅臣祝庆瑞赵兰龙朱敏陈少锋李威梁雪梅李福文华东理工大学资源与环境工程学院煤气化教育部重点实验室上海200237 兖矿国泰化工有限公司滕州277527 兖矿鲁南化肥厂滕州277527

分析了水煤浆气化过程中氨的来源,概括了氨对生产系统和环境的影响,阐述了生产中铵盐问题的解决方法。系统中适量的氨,可中和酸性物质,防止管路和设备腐蚀;而过量氨的积累则可影响系统水质,在系统低温处析出铵盐和钙盐结晶,影响生产稳... 详细信息

分析了水煤浆气化过程中氨的来源,概括了氨对生产系统和环境的影响,阐述了生产中铵盐问题的解决方法。系统中适量的氨,可中和酸性物质,防止管路和设备腐蚀;而过量氨的积累则可影响系统水质,在系统低温处析出铵盐和钙盐结晶,影响生产稳定、危害环境。本研究为煤中氮在气化过程中的转化问题提供了实际背景,为铵盐问题的解决提供了思路。

关键词：水煤浆气化氨生产系统铵盐

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Phylogeography and population structure of the golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana):: Inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 2007年第11期69卷 1195-1209页

作者： Li, Ming Liu, Zhijin Gou, Jinxun Ren, Baoping Pan, Ruliang Su, Yanjie Funk, Stephan M. wei, fuwen Chinese Acad Sci Inst Zool Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Grad Sch Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Univ Witwatersrand Sch Anat Sci Johannesburg South Africa Peking Univ Dept Psychol Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Nat Heritage Ltd London England

The golden monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is one of the most endangered primate species due to its dramatically shrinking distribution during the past 400 years. Its populations are restricted to three isolated regions, Qinglin (QL), Sichuan/Gansu (SG), and Shennongjia (SNJ) in China. As with other snub-nosed monkeys in China and Vietnam, the biology and evolution of this species is still poorly known. To assess genetic differentiation and explore the relationships among populations of golden monkeys from different geographic locations, 379bp of mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) hypervariable segment I (HVI) was studied from 60 individuals. Twelve haplotypes were identified from seven populations within the three regions. Haplotype diversity was high (0.845), whereas nucleotide diversity among all haplotypes was low (0.0331). The most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) among mtDNA haplotypes was estimated to have lived approximately 0.48-0.32 million years ago. None of the haplotypes is shared among any of the three regions. Phylogenetic analysis and AMOVA revealed clear and significant phylogeographic structure between the three regions. However, only SG contained haplotypes of the two main clades, indicating either incomplete random sorting of haplotypes or a complex history with phases of population subdivisions and merging of populations. The phylogeographic structure implies that R. roxellana should be regarded as separate management units (MUs) for each of the three regions. It is likely that recent phylogeographic history has shaped the pattern of geneticdifferentiation observed in the golden monkey and that its populations have suffered significant demographic fluctuation.

关键词： Rhinopithecus roxellana mitochondrial DNA phylogeography population structure management unit conservation

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GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG CHINESE SIKA DEER (CERVUS NIPPON) POPULATIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHINESE AND JAPANESE SIKA DEER

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第4期51卷 433-440页

作者： Lü Xiaoping wei fuwen LIMing YANG Guang LIU Hai Key Laboratory for Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Insti-tute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080China Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039China Institute of Genetic Resources Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210097 China

Sika deer (Cervus nippon) is a cervid endemic to mainland and insular Asia and endan-gered. We analyzed variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region for four subspecies to understand the genetic diversity, population structure and evolutionary history in China. 335 bp were se-quenced and eight haplotypes were identified based on 25 variable sites among the populations. Sika deer in China showed lower genetic diversity, sug-gesting a small effective population size due to habi-tat fragmentation, a low number of founder individu-als, or the narrow breeding program. AMOVA analy-sis indicated that there was significant genetic subdi-vision among the four populations, but no correlation between the genetic and geographic distance. Phy-logenetic analyses also revealed that Chinese sika deer may be divided into three genetic clades, but the genetic structure among Chinese populations was inconsistent with subspecies designations and pre-sent geographic distribution. Including the sequence data of Japanese sika deer, the results indicated that Chinese populations were more closely related to Southern Japanese populations than to the Northern Japanese one, and the Taiwan population was closer to populations of Northeastern China and Sichuan than to those of Southern China.

关键词：中国梅花鹿遗传多样性衔接重复数量日本梅花鹿

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中药汤剂灌肠治疗肾综合征出血热少尿期的疗效观察

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四川中医 2008年第11期26卷 78-79页

作者：李有跃刘福文华伟姚杰良郭峰蓬安县人民医院四川南充637800

目的:观察中药加减生大黄汤结肠灌注治疗肾综合征出血热少尿期的疗效与不良反应。方法:所有128例患者均在内科综合治疗的基础上,治疗组66例采用加减生大黄汤结肠灌注,每天3次,当每天尿量>1500ml时,每天2次,连用2周,对照组62例采用传... 详细信息

目的:观察中药加减生大黄汤结肠灌注治疗肾综合征出血热少尿期的疗效与不良反应。方法:所有128例患者均在内科综合治疗的基础上,治疗组66例采用加减生大黄汤结肠灌注,每天3次,当每天尿量>1500ml时,每天2次,连用2周,对照组62例采用传统的甘露醇灌肠治疗,每天3次,当每天尿量>1500ml时,每天2次,共用2周。结果:治疗组总效率为97.27%,对照组总有效率为83.88%,治疗组明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:中药加减生大黄汤结肠灌注治疗肾综合征出血热少尿期效果好,可以明显缩短少尿期,改善症状,未见不良反应。

关键词：肾综合征出血热少尿期中药汤剂灌肠

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Perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in red panda and giant panda from China

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006年第18期40卷 5647-5652页

作者： Dai, Jiayin Li, Ming Jin, Yihe Saito, Norimitsu Xu, Muqi wei, fuwen Chinese Acad Sci Inst Zool Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Dalian Univ Technol Sch Environm Biol Sci Technol Dalian 116024 Peoples R China Res Inst Environm Sci & Publ Hlth Iwate Prefectur Morioka Iwate Japan

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are important perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in various applications. Recently, it has been shown that these compounds are widespread in the environment, wildlife, and humans. The giant panda and the red panda belong to the order Carnivora, but are highly specialized as bamboo feeders. Both species are considered rare and endangered. In this study, we report for the first time on levels of PFOS and PFOA in serum of the giant panda and the red panda captured in zoos and animal parks from six provinces in China. PFOS was the predominant compound in all panda samples measured (ranging from 0.80 to 73.80 mu g/L for red panda and from 0.76 to 19.00 mu g/L for giant panda). The PFOA level ranged from 0.33 to 8.20 mu g/L for red panda, and from 0.32 to 1.56 mu g/L for giant panda. There was a positive significant correlation between concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in the serum obtained from pandas. No age- or sex- related differences were observed in concentrations of the fluorochemicals in panda sera. Greater concentrations of the fluorochemicals were found for those individuals collected from zoos near urbanized or industrialized areas than for other areas. These data combined with other reported data suggest that there are large differences in distribution of perfluorinated compounds in terrestrial animals.

关键词： Impurities Anatomy Contamination Serum Environmental pollution

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Diet and food choice of Trachypithecus francoisi in the Nonggang Nature Reserve, China

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 2006年第5期27卷 1441-1460页

作者： Zhou, Qihai wei, fuwen Li, Ming Huang, Chengming Luo, Bang Chinese Acad Sci Inst Zool Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Guangxi Normal Univ Coll Life Sci Guilin 541004 Guangxi Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Grad Sch Beijing 100049 Peoples R China

We studied the diet and food choice of 1 group of Francois' langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) from August 2003 to July 2004 in the Nonggang Nature Reserve, Guangxi province, China. The langurs consumed 90 plant species, including 14 unidentified species. Leaves constituted 52.8% of the diet (38.9% young leaves and 13.9% mature leaves). Fruits and seeds accounted for 17.2% and 14.2%, respectively. Flowers and other items-including petioles, stems, roots, and bark-contributed to 7.5% and 7.4% of the diet, respectively. The langur diet varied according to season. They fed on more young leaves from April to September. Consumption of seeds, petioles, and stems increased between October and March, when young leaves were scarce. The diet shift corresponded to higher dietary diversity during the young leaf-lean period. Though the langurs fed on many plant species, 10 species accounted for 62.2% of the diet, only 2 of which were among the 10 most common tree species in vegetation quadrants, and the percentage of feeding records on a plant species and the percentage of individuals of the species in vegetation quadrants does not correlate significantly. Francois' langurs fed selectively, and they did not base their diet simply on the abundance of plant species in the habitat.

关键词： diet food choice Francois' langur phenology Trachypithecus francoisi

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