A new fluorinated nonfullerene acceptor, ITIC-Th1, has been designed and synthesized by introducing fluorine (F) atoms onto the end-capping group 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone (IC). On the one hand, incorporation of...
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A new fluorinated nonfullerene acceptor, ITIC-Th1, has been designed and synthesized by introducing fluorine (F) atoms onto the end-capping group 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone (IC). On the one hand, incorporation of F would improve intramolecular interaction, enhance the push-pull effect between the donor unit indacenodithieno[3,2-b] thiophene and the acceptor unit IC due to electron-withdrawing effect of F, and finally adjust energy levels and reduce bandgap, which is beneficial to light harvesting and enhancing short-circuit current density (JSC). On the other hand, incorporation of F would improve intermolecular interactions through C. F center dot center dot center dot S, C. F center dot center dot center dot H, and C. F center dot center dot center dot pi noncovalent interactions and enhance electron mobility, which is beneficial to enhancing JSC and fill factor. Indeed, the results show that fluorinated ITIC-Th1 exhibits redshifted absorption, smaller optical bandgap, and higher electron mobility than the nonfluorinated ITIC-Th. Furthermore, nonfullerene organic solar cells (OSCs) based on fluorinated ITIC-Th1 electron acceptor and a wide-bandgap polymer donor FTAZ based on benzodithiophene and benzotriazole exhibit power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 12.1%, significantly higher than that of nonfluorinated ITIC-Th (8.88%). The PCE of 12.1% is the highest in fullerene and nonfullerene-based single-junction binary-blend OSCs. Moreover, the OSCs based on FTAZ: ITIC-Th1 show much better efficiency and better stability than the control devices based on FTAZ: PC71BM (PCE = 5.22%).
A special DEM (distinct/discrete element method) model employing spring model designed for RC members is proposed to simulate seismic collapse of spatial RC frame structures. The failure criteria are developed. Method...
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A special DEM (distinct/discrete element method) model employing spring model designed for RC members is proposed to simulate seismic collapse of spatial RC frame structures. The failure criteria are developed. Methods to get the rotational displacement and the contact detection algorithm prove good accuracy and efficiency. Taking advantages of this model, a Visual C++6.0 based simulation program, 3DCollap1.0, is developed and then verified by simulating the shaking table test of a RC frame featuring strong-beam-weak-column from minor and moderate earthquakes to severe earthquake which results in structural collapse. The collapse process of a strong-column-weak-beam RC frame is also successfully simulated. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In this study, the near complete mitogenome sequence (15,469 bp) ofOreolalax majorwas determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It includes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and 19 t...
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In this study, the near complete mitogenome sequence (15,469 bp) ofOreolalax majorwas determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It includes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and 19 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes (GenBank accession number KU310894). The features ofO. majorhave one more tRNA gene (tRNAMet) behind the original one beforeND2which is similar toLeptobrachium *** analyses were based on the concatenated sequences of the 13 protein-encoding genes ofO. majorand other related species.
A method for the determination of seven hazardous elements in Non-stick Pan Materials in five food simulants by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) was established. Using this method, the experiments ...
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This paper focuses on the H ∞ fault detection (FD) problem for spring-mass systems (SMSs) over networks with distributed state delays, random packet losses, sensor saturation as well as multiplicative noises via unr...
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This paper focuses on the H ∞ fault detection (FD) problem for spring-mass systems (SMSs) over networks with distributed state delays, random packet losses, sensor saturation as well as multiplicative noises via unreliable communication channels. The output measurements are affected by sensor saturation which is described by sector-nonlinearities. The multiplicative noises are described as a form of Gaussian white noises multiplied by the states. A series of stochastic variables are introduced to describe the randomly occurring distributed state delays. Random packet losses are also introduced in unreliable communications. The purpose of this paper is to design an FD filter such that: 1) The FD dynamic system is exponentially stable in the mean square. 2) The error between the fault signal and the residual signal is controlled to the minimum. 3) The optimal H ∞ filtering performance index is achieved. A sufficient condition for the FD filter design is derived in terms of the solution to a linear matrix inequality (LMI). When the LMI has a feasible solution, the explicit parameters of the desired FD filter can be obtained. Finally, a simulation experiment is illustrated to show the effectiveness and application of the designed method.
Aimed at achieving ideal morphology, illuminating morphology-performance relationship, and further improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ternary polymer solar cells (TSCs), a ternary system is designed ba...
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Aimed at achieving ideal morphology, illuminating morphology-performance relationship, and further improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ternary polymer solar cells (TSCs), a ternary system is designed based on PTB7-Th: PffBT4T-2OD:PC71BM in this work. The PffBT4T-2OD owns large absorption cross section, proper energy levels, and good crystallinity, which enhances exciton generation, charge dissociation and transport and suppresses charge recombination, thus remarkably increasing the short-circuit current density (J(sc)) and fill factor (FF). Finally, a notable PCE of 10.72% is obtained for the TSCs with 15% weight ratio of PffBT4T-2OD. As for the working mechanism, it confirmed the energy transfer from PffBT4T-2OD to PTB7-Th, which contributes to the improved exciton generation. And morphology characterization indicates that the devices with 15% PffBT4T-2OD possess both appropriate domain size (25 nm) and enhanced domain purity. Under this condition, it affords numerous D/A interface for exciton dissociation and good bicontinuous nanostructure for charge transport simultaneously. As a result, the device with 15% PffBT4T-2OD exhibits improved exciton generation, enhanced charge dissociation possibility, elevated hole mobility and inhibited charge recombination, leading to elevated Jsc (19.02 mA cm(-2)) and FF (72.62%) simultaneously. This work indicates that morphology optimization as well as energy transfer plays a significant role in improving TSC performance.
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