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Systematic Study of Liquid-State Interfacial Reactions Between Co and In-Sn Solders with Varying Sn Contents

JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2025年第4期54卷 2589-2600页

作者： Wang, chao-hong Chang, Tai-yu Natl Chung Cheng Univ Dept Chem Engn Chiayi 621301 Taiwan

This study investigated the interfacial reactions between Co and In-Sn solders, with various compositions, up to 90 at% Sn, at 350 degrees C, with the aim of evaluating their potential for use in the solid-liquid interdiffusion (SLID) process. The results demonstrated that the reaction phases formed at the interfaces exhibited significant variations depending on the Sn content present in the In-Sn solders. For Sn content below 2 at%, the reaction phase was CoIn3. Notably, the CoIn3 in the In-2 at% Sn/Co reaction exhibited a linear growth at a rate of similar to 15 mu m/h, which was significantly higher compared to the In/Co reaction. The accelerated growth rate could be attributed to the minor addition of Sn, which facilitated both the nucleation and growth of CoIn3. With an increase in Sn content to 2.5-3.5 at%, the dominant reaction phase shifted to Co(In,Sn)(2), but its growth was significantly hindered. With a further increase in Sn content within the range of 4-35 at%, the irregular Co(Sn,In) phase became dominant. However, as the Sn content exceeded 36 at% and extended up to 90 at%, the Co(Sn,In)(2) phase remained stable at the interface, and its growth decreased significantly with increasing Sn content. The observed shift in the reaction phases is closely related to the local phase equilibrium. The suggested phase diagram of Co-In-Sn system was proposed to further understand the relationship between interfacial reaction and phase equilibrium. The Sn content of In-Sn solders not only influenced the formed reaction phase but also the growth rates and microstructures. Careful control of Sn content is crucial for the SLID process of In-Sn/Co system.

关键词： Lead-free solders In-Sn solders Co SLID bonding

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Microstructural Investigation of Sn-Based Solder Reactions with FeCoNiCrMn High-Entropy Alloy at Various Temperatures

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JOM 2025年 1-12页

作者： Wang, chao-hong Li, Yue-han Natl Chung Cheng Univ Dept Chem Engn Chiayi 621301 Taiwan

The FeCoNiCrMn high-entropy alloy (HEA) system, regarded as a potential advanced diffusion barrier, was studied for its soldering reactions and interfacial stability with Sn-based solders across a temperature range of 250-700 degrees C. Initially, the reactions exhibited uneven dissolution of the HEA substrate. During the Sn/HEA reactions between 250 degrees C and 500 degrees C, the (Fe,Cr,Co)Sn2 phase predominantly formed with a slow growth rate. Even after 48 h at 250 degrees C, the interface remained stable. The (Fe,Cr,Co)Sn2 phase displayed two sublayers with slightly different contrasts and microstructures, suggesting different formation mechanisms. The sublayer near the HEA was dense, with higher Cr and lower Co content, formed via Sn diffusion. The other sublayer, closer to the solder, contained faceted grains that formed through HEA dissolution and precipitation. Oversaturated precipitation also resulted in the formation of large (Co,Ni)Sn3 grains. Additionally, when using Sn-3wt.%Ag-0.5wt.%Cu (SAC305) and Sn-0.5wt.%Cu solders, the sizes of the faceted (Fe,Cr,Co)Sn2 grains were significantly reduced. At 700 degrees C, significant microstructural changes occurred due to severe dissolution. The dominant reaction phase shifted to (Fe,Cr,Co)Sn, and a CrSn2-solder mixture was confined to the original interface. The FeCoNiCrMn alloy demonstrated good wettability, sluggish (Fe,Cr,Co)Sn2 growth, and stable interfaces without phase spalling.

关键词： Diffusion barriers

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Visualizing high school technology teachers' creative process in instructional design using the eight trigrams (BaGua) approach

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN EDUCATION 2025年第2期35卷 531-556页

作者： Liu, Xiaohong hong, Jon-chao Geng, Xingyu Zhao, Li South China Normal Univ Inst Artificial Intelligence Educ Guangzhou Peoples R China Nanjing Normal Univ Sch Educ Sci 122 Ninghai Rd Nanjing 210097 Jiangsu Peoples R China

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to teachers. Teachers need a creative way to continue the engaged teaching process under the constraints of physical separation, emotional anxiety, and insecurity. Technology teachers who develop students' technology literacy or skills should be aware of the importance of integrating technology or facilitating a more creative process in instructional design. Especially, it is valuable to explore creative instructional design to solve problems. The Yin and Yang of BaGua, representing opposite connection, is regarded as a catalyst for fostering creative problem-solving abilities, and offers a theoretical perspective on the process of instructional design. Hence, this study aimed to incorporate the BaGua-based creative problem-solving model into Dick and Carey's instructional design process to visualize each stage of creative instructional design, encompassing the initial stage of design development, formulation of plans, plan demonstration stage, and effectiveness in completing instructional design. Through eight hypotheses, this study investigated the correlation between activities in the model's adjacent stages. A total of 1,169 high school technology teachers completed the survey. Structural equation modeling was used to verify the hypotheses. The results showed that analyzing learning needs can positively predict interaction and stillness, interaction and stillness can positively predict idea generation of instructional design, support and confrontation can be positively predicted by idea generation of instructional design, and completing instructional design can be positively predicted by support and confrontation. This study presents a creative procedural model of creative instructional design to facilitate teachers' comprehension of the sequential steps that should be followed in creative instructional design and enable them to implement it accordingly.

关键词： Technology teacher Eight trigrams (BaGua) Instructional design Creative process

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Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Micromechanical Behaviours for AlCoCrFeNi_(2.1)High Entropy Alloy during Nanoindentation

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2025年第2期38卷 218-232页

作者： Ji-Peng Yang Hai-Feng Zhang hong-chao Ji Nan Jia College of Mechanical Engineering North China University of Science and TechnologyTangshan 063210China Key Laboratory of Materials Anisotropy and Texture of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and EngineeringNortheastern UniversityShenyang 110819China

Eutectic high entropy alloys are noted for their excellent castability and comprehensive mechanical *** excellent mechanical properties are closely related to the activation and evolution of deformation mechanisms at the atomic *** this work,AlCoCrFeNi2.1 alloy is taken as the research *** mechanical behaviors and deformation mechanisms of the FCC and B2 single crystals with different orientations and the FCC/B2 composites with K-S orientation relationship during nanoindentation processes are systematically studied by molecular dynamics *** results show that the mechanical behaviors of FCC single crystals are significantly orientation-dependent,meanwhile,the indentation force of[110]single crystal is the lowest at the elastic-plastic transition point,and that for[100]single crystal is the lowest in plastic deformation *** with FCC,the stress for B2 single crystals at the elastic-plastic transition point is ***,more deformation systems such as stacking faults,twins and dislocation loops are activated in FCC single crystal during the plastic deformation process,resulting in higher indentation *** composites,the flow stress increases with the increase of B2 phase thickness during the initial stage of *** indenter penetrates heterogeneous interface,the significantly increased deformation system in FCC phase leads to a significant increase in indentation *** mechanical behaviors and deformation mechanisms depend on the component single *** the thickness of the component layer is less than 15 nm,the heterogeneous interfaces fail to prevent the dislocation slip and improve the indentation *** results will enrich the plastic deformation mechanisms of multi-principal eutectic alloys and provide guidance for the design of nanocrystalline metallic materials.

关键词： High entropy alloy Mechanical behavior Plastic deformation mechanism Nanoindentation Molecular dynamics simulation

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Novel analysis based on Raman spectroscopy in nutrition science

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ANALYTICAL METHODS 2025年第9期17卷 1977-1996页

作者： hong, chao Shi, Muling Wang, Sixian Yang, Yiqing Pu, Zhangjie Hainan Univ Sch Mat Sci & Engn State Key Lab Trop Ocean Engn Mat & Mat Evaluat Key Lab Electron Microscopy Hainan Prov P Haikou 570228 Hainan Peoples R China Hunan Univ Mol Sci & Biomed Lab State Key Lab Chemo Biosensing & Chemometr Changsha 410082 Hunan Peoples R China Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol Coll Life Sci & Technol Hunan Prov Key Lab Forestry Biotechnol Changsha 410004 Hunan Peoples R China

Modern research in nutrition science is transitioning from classical methodologies to advanced analytical strategies, in which Raman spectroscopy plays a crucial role. Raman spectroscopy and its derived techniques are gaining recognition in nutrition science for their features, such as high-speed, non-destructive analysis, label-free multiple detection and high sensitivity. Raman-enhancing techniques have further improved the sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy and widely extended its detection and imaging applications in nutrient analysis, as well as in ancillary tasks for nutrition research, such as nutrient status evaluation, nutrient interaction and metabolism studies. Further development of Raman-based analytical approaches lies in the improvement of instruments with higher precision, as well as the incorporation of other analytical techniques and advanced data analysis tools. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnology, with a specific focus on Raman technology, in the field of food and nutrition science research. Instead of delving into the quantitative or qualitative detection capabilities of Raman technology, we highlight the remarkable food analysis and nutrition research methods established by this technology. Generally, this review introduces the characteristics and applications of Raman technology in nutrition analysis and discusses the limitations and future prospects of Raman spectroscopy for nutrition monitoring.

关键词： Raman spectroscopy

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English vocabulary learning through gamification with Tic-Tac-Toe in Flippity-Connecto: The prediction of gameplay self-efficacy to anxiety, interest and flow experience

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY 2025年第0期

作者： hong, Jon-chao Tai, Tzu-Yu Liang, Fen-Yuan Natl Taiwan Normal Univ Chinese Language & Technol Ctr Taipei City Taiwan Taipei Med Univ Language Ctr 250 Wuxing St Taipei 11031 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Normal Univ Continuing Educ Masters Program Creat Dev Taipei Taiwan

A wide variety of gamification tools are available for language learning;however, few studies have explored the impact of Flippity-Connecto (hereafter referred to as Connecto) on learners' cognitive and affective processes. Connecto, a game similar to Tic-Tac-Toe, was designed to assist students in learning English as a foreign language (EFL). This study utilized the Tic-Tac-Toe mechanism to engage students in competitive English vocabulary learning. Grounded in the achievement emotion model, this research examined the relationships among learning interest, gameplay anxiety and flow experience while students played the game. In a single-group quasi-experimental study, sixth-grade students from an elementary school played the game three times over a period of 3 weeks, followed by the completion of questionnaires. A total of 123 valid questionnaires were collected. Structural equation modelling results revealed that: (1) gameplay self-efficacy negatively predicted gameplay anxiety and positively predicted learning interest and (2) flow experience was negatively predicted by gameplay anxiety and positively predicted by learning interest. The finding that gameplay anxiety can enhance flow experience challenges conventional views, suggesting that anxiety may energize players when facing challenges, akin to being psyched up. These findings provide insights into the complex dynamics of gamified language learning, underscoring the importance of self-efficacy, anxiety management and interest in fostering EFL learning.

关键词： achievement emotion theory affective dynamics cognitive process engagement game-based learning

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Students' Hands-On Self-Efficacy Predicts Pragmatistic STEAM Value, Transformativistic Value, and Continuance Intention: A Powertech Contest Perspective

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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY 2025年 1-12页

作者： hong, Jon-chao Liu, Xiaohong Tsai, Chi-Ruei Yang, Dan Natl Taiwan Normal Univ Inst Res Excellence Learning Sci Taipei Taiwan Natl Taiwan Normal Univ Chinese Language & Technol Ctr Taipei Taiwan South China Normal Univ Inst Artificial Intelligence Educ Guangzhou Peoples R China Natl Taiwan Normal Univ Dept Technol Applicat & Human Resource Dev Taipei Taiwan Nanjing Normal Univ Sch Educ Sci 122 Ninghai Rd Nanjing 210097 Jiangsu Peoples R China

With STEAM contests being effective for stimulating students' interest in STEAM fields, it is crucial to investigate the factors influencing students' continuance intention for STEAM contests. Previous studies have mainly concentrated on examining the relationships between continuance intention and perceived value (e.g., perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment) in a hands-on learning context, while the impacts of pragmatistic STEAM value and transformativistic value on behavioral intention have not been discussed. To bridge this gap, our research examined the associations among students' hands-on making self-efficacy, pragmatistic STEAM value, transformativistic value, and their continuance intention for STEAM contests. A total of 203 elementary school students attending the iSTEAM PowerTech Final Contest took part in our study. Structural equation modeling was applied to evaluate the hypotheses. The findings showed that hands-on making self-efficacy exhibited a significant and positive relationship with pragmatistic STEAM value and transformativistic value. Pragmatistic STEAM value and transformativistic value can significantly and positively predict continuance intention. Furthermore, our study uncovered the mediating role of pragmatistic STEAM value and transformativistic value, suggesting that hands-on making self-efficacy can have an indirect effect on continuance intention through the mediating effect of pragmatistic STEAM value and transformativistic value. The study findings imply that hands-on making self-efficacy can enhance pragmatistic STEAM value and transformativistic value, thus fostering a strong continuance intention for STEAM contests. Finally, our findings offer insights into enhancing students' commitment to STEAM contests.

关键词： Hands-on making Self-efficacy Pragmatistic STEAM value Transformativistic value Continuance intention

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Influences of microplastics alone and co-contaminated with cadmium on physiological responses of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.), rhizosphere microbes and soil properties in soil

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HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT 2025年第3-4期31卷 509-543页

作者： Zhou, Hui Yang, hongfei Zhou, Xin Wang, Yueqing hong, chao Anhui Normal Univ Sch Ecol & Environm 189 South Jiuhua Rd Wuhu 241002 Anhui Peoples R China Anhui Normal Univ Collaborat Innovat Ctr Recovery & Reconstruct Degr Wuhu Peoples R China Anhui Normal Univ Minist Educ Wuhu Peoples R China

Cadmium (Cd) and microplastics (MPs) alone can degrade soils, reduce crop yields and quality, and enter the food chain, seriously affecting human health. However, our understanding of how the two work together is limited. Here, we explore the effects of two types of MPs, polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), on Chinese cabbage in terms of physiological responses, soil properties, and the structure and function of the soil microbial community. Potting experiments were conducted separately with PE and PVC set at five doses (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5%, w/w) in combination with Cd contamination (0 and 5 mg Cd/kg soil). The treatments with 0.1% PE and 1% PVC were more effective in lessening the inhibition of Cd on the root system. The contents of Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b in Chinese cabbage exhibited a propensity to increase and subsequently fall with MP concentration. We demonstrate that MPs increase the pH of soil by 0.09-0.46, whereas Cd addition lowers it by 0.03-0.40. Furthermore, soil catalase and soil urease enzyme activities were significantly impacted by MPs and Cd. The Shannon and Simpson indices of soil microorganisms increased with 5% PVC. The existence of appropriate doses of MPs can reduce Cd stress.

关键词： Brassica campestris L cadmium microorganisms microplastics sustainable development goals SDG 15: Life on land

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Metasurface-based single-pixel recognition through scattering media

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2025年第4期126卷

作者： Zhang, Xuan Xiong, Jiahao Fu, Ai Zheng, Guoxing Li, Zile Liu, hong-chao Univ Macau Inst Appl Phys & Mat Engn Ave Univ Macau Peoples R China Peng Cheng Lab Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Wuhan Univ Elect Informat Sch Wuhan 430072 Peoples R China Wuhan Univ Sch Microelect Wuhan 430072 Peoples R China

Taking advantage of optoelectronic hybrid neural networks, we propose a metasurface-single-pixel hybrid neural network for object recognition. It employs only eight illumination patterns trained by the digital neural network to convolve the object from two-dimensional images into only eight intensity values measured by a single-pixel detector, achieving a 93.8% accuracy rate in handwritten digit recognition. Our work therefore paves an image-free way for metasurface-based object recognition using only a single-pixel detector, which exhibits its powerful information compression and accurate extraction capabilities coupled with a compact structural design.

关键词： Pixels

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SM9 Key Encapsulation Mechanism for Power Monitoring Systems

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED COMPUTER SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS 2025年第1期16卷 1269-1277页

作者： hong, chao Xiao, Peng Li, Pandeng Zhang, Zhenhong Yang, Yiwei Bai, Biao Elect Power Res Inst China Southern Power Grid Guangzhou 510663 Peoples R China Guangdong Prov Key Lab Power Syst Network Secur Guangzhou 510663 Peoples R China Informat Ctr Yunnan Power Grid Co Ltd Kunming 650000 Peoples R China

The boundaries of the new power system network are blurred, and data privacy and security are threatened. Although the SM9 algorithm is widely used in power systems to protect data security, its efficiency and security remain the main issues in application. Therefore, an SM9 key encapsulation mechanism (OSM9-KEM-CRF) was proposed to support outsourced decryption and cryptographic reverse firewall. In order to resist the backdoor attacks, we deployed cryptographic reverse firewalls at the terminals and proved that the proposed OSM9-KEMCRF is ID-IND-CCA2 secure. The cryptographic reverse firewalls maintain functionality, weakly retain security, and weakly resist penetration, thereby enhancing the security of the scheme. In addition, considering the limited computing resources of terminal devices, decryption operations are outsourced to cloud servers in order to reduce the computational burden on the terminals. Compared with other SM9-KEMs, the proposed mechanism not only reduces computational and communication overhead, but also lowers energy consumption. Therefore, the proposed mechanism is more suitable for power monitoring systems.

关键词： SM9 Outsourced decryption cryptographic reverse firewall power monitoring systems

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