Folliculin (FLCN) is the tumor suppressor associated with Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome that predisposes patients to incident of hamartomas and cysts in multiple organs. Its inactivation causes deregulation in the mam...
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Folliculin (FLCN) is the tumor suppressor associated with Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome that predisposes patients to incident of hamartomas and cysts in multiple organs. Its inactivation causes deregulation in the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly defined. In this study, we show that FLCN is a ciliary protein that functions through primary cilia to regulate mTORC1. In response to flow stress, FLCN associates with LKB1 and recruits the kinase to primary cilia for activation of AMPK resided at basal bodies, which causes mTORC1 down-regulation. In cells depleted of FLCN, LKB1 fails to accumulate in primary cilia and AMPK at the basal bodies remains inactive, thus nullifying the inhibitory effect of flow stress on mTORC1 activity. Our results demonstrate that FLCN is part of a flow sensory mechanism that regulates mTORC1 through primary cilia.
A rapid and effective sample pretreatment method, dispersant-assisted dynamic microwave extraction, was first applied to the extraction of six triazine herbicides from rice. The dynamic microwave extraction was couple...
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A rapid and effective sample pretreatment method, dispersant-assisted dynamic microwave extraction, was first applied to the extraction of six triazine herbicides from rice. The dynamic microwave extraction was coupled with matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). The dispersant in MSPD was used to disperse the sample and adsorb impurities. Microwave irradiation was used to promote the transfer of the analyte and accelerate the extraction. The extraction and clean-up were performed simultaneously. The effects of experimental parameters, including the solvent type, volume of the extraction solvent, microwave power, type of dispersant, mass ratio of dispersant to rice, and flow rate of the extraction solvent, on the recoveries of the analytes were investigated. The limits of detection for the analytes ranged from 0.62 to 1.79 mu g kg(-1). The recoveries of the triazine herbicides in spiked rice samples were in the range of 84.3-101%, and the relative standard deviations were lower than 6.2%.
Direct coal liquefaction in the heating stage of Shenhua Shendong bituminous coal was carried out in a 0.01 t/d continuous tubular facility with iron catalyst and hydrogenated anthracene and wash oil as solvent at a r...
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Direct coal liquefaction in the heating stage of Shenhua Shendong bituminous coal was carried out in a 0.01 t/d continuous tubular facility with iron catalyst and hydrogenated anthracene and wash oil as solvent at a residence time (t) of 3.56.5 min and a reaction temperature (T) of 340-450 degrees C. The results show that when t = 3.5 min and T = 340 degrees C, a cracking reaction of coal occurs, while the oil yield was almost zero. As the residence time and temperature each increase, coal conversion and product yield exhibit different change patterns. Especially when t = 6.5 min and T = 450 degrees C: under these conditions, the coal conversion and oil yield reached 83.67 and 52.27 wt?%, respectively. To investigate the liquefaction kinetics, a 8-lump reaction kinetic model which follow first-order irreversible reactions (r = k(i) dC/dt) was developed to estimate the rate constants. The results indicated that the model is perfectly valid for the heating stage, and the yield of oil and gas were mainly from coal other than preasphaltene (PAA).
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