It ha. been a.most a.deca.e since the molecula. cloning of a.l four members of the proteina.e-a.tiva.ed receptor ( Pa.) fa.ily wa. completed. This unique fa.ily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) media.es specific...
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It ha. been a.most a.deca.e since the molecula. cloning of a.l four members of the proteina.e-a.tiva.ed receptor ( Pa.) fa.ily wa. completed. This unique fa.ily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) media.es specific cellula. a.tions of va.ious endogenous proteina.es including thrombin, trypsin, trypta.e, etc. a.d a.so certa.n exogenous enzymes. Increa.ing evidence ha. been cla.ifying the emerging roles pla.ed by Pa.s in hea.th a.d disea.e. Pa.s, pa.ticula.ly Pa.1 a.d Pa.2, a.e distributed throughout the ga.trointestina. (GI) tra.t, modula.ing va.ious GI functions. One of the most importa.t GI functions of Pa.s is regula.ion of exocrine secretion in the sa.iva.y gla.ds, pa.crea. a.d GI mucosa. epithelium. Pa.s a.so modula.e motility of GI smooth muscle, involving multiple mecha.isms. Pa.2 a.pea.s to pla. dua. roles in pa.crea.itis a.d rela.ed pa.n, being pro-infla.ma.ory/pro-nociceptive a.d a.ti-infla.ma.ory/a.ti-nociceptive. Simila.ly, dua. roles for Pa.1 a.d Pa.2 ha.e been demonstra.ed in mucosa. infla.ma.ion/da.a.e throughout the GI tra.t. There is a.so funda.enta. a.d clinica. evidence for involvement of Pa.2 in colonic pa.n. Pa.s a.e thus considered key molecules in regula.ion of GI functions a.d ta.gets for development of drugs for trea.ment of va.ious GI disea.es.
Light-sca.tering mea.urements were ca.ried out on pectins in a.ueous solutions of pH ra.ging from a.out 4 to 2. The following pectin sa.ples were used: three low methoxyl pectins which were demethyla.ed by a.monia. a....
Light-sca.tering mea.urements were ca.ried out on pectins in a.ueous solutions of pH ra.ging from a.out 4 to 2. The following pectin sa.ples were used: three low methoxyl pectins which were demethyla.ed by a.monia. a.id a.d enzyme (a.l with a.nea.ly simila. methoxyl content from 6.1 to 6.2%), a.d pectin-NF with 12.04% methoxyl groups a.d sodium poly-ga.a.turonic a.id. When the pH of a.0.05% pectin solution conta.ning 0.1 M Na.l wa. brought to pH 2 by a.ding HCl, the mol. wt a.d ra.ius of gyra.ion increa.ed ma.kedly, thus indica.ing tha. pectin molecules a.grega.e when the pH is lowered.
Lumina. hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ca.ses colonic pa.n a.d referred hypera.gesia.in mice through a.tiva.ion of T-type Ca.+ cha.nels. To test a.hypothesis tha. H2S might chela.e a.d remove endogenous Zn2+ tha. inhibits the...
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Lumina. hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ca.ses colonic pa.n a.d referred hypera.gesia.in mice through a.tiva.ion of T-type Ca.+ cha.nels. To test a.hypothesis tha. H2S might chela.e a.d remove endogenous Zn2+ tha. inhibits the Ca.v)3.2 isoform of T-type Ca.+ cha.nels, fa.ilita.ing viscera. nociception, we a.ked if intra.olonic (***.) a.ministra.ion of Zn2+ chela.ors mimics H2S-induced viscera. nociception. Viscera. nociceptive beha.ior a.d referred a.domina. a.lodynia.hypera.gesia.were determined a.ter ***. a.ministra.ion of Na.S, a.donor for H2S, or Zn2+ chela.ors in mice. Phospholyla.ion of extra.ellula. signa.-regula.ed protein kina.e (ERK) in the spina. cord wa. a.a.yzed by immunohistochemistry. The viscera. nociceptive beha.ior a.d referred a.domina. a.lodynia.hypera.gesia.ca.sed by ***. Na.S in mice were a.olished by ***. prea.ministra.ion of zinc chloride (ZnCl2), known to selectively inhibit Ca.v)3.2, but not Ca.v)3.1 or Ca.v,3.3, isoforms of T-type Ca.+ cha.nels, a.d by i.p. prea.ministra.ion of mibefra.il, a.pa.-T-type Ca.+ cha.nel blocker. Two distinct Zn2+ chela.ors, N,N,N',N'-tetra.is(2-pyridylmethyl)-ehylenedia.ine (TPEN) a.d dipicolinic a.id, when a.ministered ***., mimicked the Na.S-evoked viscera. nociceptive beha.ior a.d referred a.domina. a.lodynia.hypera.gesia. which were inhibited by mibefra.il a.d by NNC 55-0396, a.other T-type Ca.+ cha.nel blocker. Like ***. Na.S, ***. TPEN ca.sed prompt phosphoryla.ion of ERK in the spina. dorsa. horn, a. effect blocked by mibefra.il. Remova. of lumina. Zn2+ by H2S a.d other Zn2+ chela.ors thus produces colonic pa.n through a.tiva.ion of T-type Ca.+ cha.nels, most proba.ly of the Ca.3.2 isoform. Hence, endogenous Zn2+ is considered to pla. a.critica. role in modula.ing viscera. pa.n. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd on beha.f of IBRO.
To cla.ify roles of H2S in regula.ion of ga.tric circula.ion, we investiga.ed effects of Na.S, a.H2S donor, on tension of isola.ed ra. ga.tric a.tery a.d ga.tric mucosa. blood flow in ra.s. In the precontra.ted ring p...
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Two kinds of a.ousto-optica.ly pha.e-ma.ched noncollinea. optica. SHG ha.e been observed for the first time in Te for the incident optica. wa.e a. 10. 6 mu m. The one is observed with the longitudina. a.oustic wa.e pr...
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Two kinds of a.ousto-optica.ly pha.e-ma.ched noncollinea. optica. SHG ha.e been observed for the first time in Te for the incident optica. wa.e a. 10. 6 mu m. The one is observed with the longitudina. a.oustic wa.e propa.a.ing a.ong the x a.is a.d is interpreted a. being due to mixing of the incident optica. wa.e a.d the a.ousto-optica.ly sca.tered wa.e. The other SHG is observed when the shea. a.oustic wa.e is propa.a.ed a.ong the y a.is, being due to mixing of the two a.ousto-optica.ly sca.tered optica. wa.es. a.brief compa.ison is ma.e with the results obta.ned by the conventiona. collinea.ly index-ma.ched SHG.
a.dressed a.e the wa.eguide properties of Ti-diffused a.d strip-loa.ed ZnO thin films a.d fa.rica.ion of cha.nel optica. wa.eguides. Cha.nel optica. wa.eguides of ZnO films were obta.ned by Ti diffusing a.d SiO2 loa.i...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780301900
a.dressed a.e the wa.eguide properties of Ti-diffused a.d strip-loa.ed ZnO thin films a.d fa.rica.ion of cha.nel optica. wa.eguides. Cha.nel optica. wa.eguides of ZnO films were obta.ned by Ti diffusing a.d SiO2 loa.ing, respectively. The optica. loss of the SiO2-loa.ed wa.eguide wa. superior to tha. of the Ti-diffused wa.eguide. In the SiO2-loa.ed type, the theoretica. va.ues showed good a.reement with experimenta. va.ues.
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