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Effects of Generic Entry on Market Shares and Prices of Originator Drugs: Evidence from Chinese Pharmaceutical Market

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PHARMACOECONOMICS-OPEN 2025年 1-10页

作者： Li, Weimiao Li, Xiaoyu He, Yaoguang Shi, luwen chen, Jing Peking Univ Sch Pharmaceut Sci Dept Pharm Adm & Clin Pharm Beijing 100191 Peoples R China Peking Univ Int Res Ctr Med Adm Beijing 100191 Peoples R China

Objectives This article analyzes how market shares and prices for brand-name drugs are affected by generic competition in China. Methods Data were collected for originator drugs that experienced initial generic entry between 2006 and 2016 from China Medicine Economic Information (CMEI), a large database of drug procurement records covering 699 tertiary hospitals across 28 provinces in mainland China. Quarterly utilization and expenditure data were collected. We compared the change of market share and price of originator drugs eight quarters after the first generic entry. General linear regression was performed to analyze the factors that influence the market share and price of originator drugs. Results A total of 15 of 27 originator drugs maintained over 70% market share eight quarters after the first generic entry. In addition, 24 brand-name companies lowered prices with an average price decrease of 3% eight quarters after the first generic competitor appeared;prices for 3 drugs rose by an average of 0.62%. The median price ratio between originator and generic drugs was 1.76 when the first generic substitution entered, and the ratio became 2.00 eight quarters later. Regression showed that the number of generic manufacturers and time interval since the first generic entry exhibited a negative relation with the market share of originator drugs (P < 0.01;P < 0.01), and no relation with the prices of originator drugs (P = 0.61;P = 0.42). Conclusions Generic medicines in China had only modest market penetration and little effect on originator drugs' prices eight quarters after first generic entry.

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A study on the factors that influence consumers' continuance intention to use artificial intelligence chatbots in a pharmaceutical e-commerce context

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ELECTRONIC LIBRARY 2025年第3期43卷 303-321页

作者： Jia, Jing chen, Lu Zhang, luwen Xiao, Manling Wu, chengzhen Changzhou Univ Sch Business Changzhou Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Sch Social Sci Beijing Peoples R China Konkuk Univ Sch Int Coll Seoul South Korea Hanyang Univ Sch Business Seoul South Korea

PurposeThis study aims to explore the antecedent factors affecting consumers' intention to continue using artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots in pharmaceutical e-commerce. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how technical characteristics and user satisfaction influence continuance intention, offering insights for enhancing AI chatbot systems and customer service ***/methodology/approachThis study adopts both online and offline data collection methods and uses structural equation modelling with AMOS 26.0 to investigate the factors influencing consumers' continuance intention to use AI chatbots in the pharmaceutical e-commerce context. The research model integrates technical characteristics of AI chatbots, service expectation confirmation, emotional satisfaction, cognitive satisfaction and e-health *** results of this study indicate that perceived flexibility, accuracy, reliability and convenience of AI chatbots positively influence service expectation confirmation, while anthropomorphism does not have a significant impact. Both emotional and cognitive satisfaction positively influence consumers' continuance intention. This study highlights the importance of optimizing AI chatbot systems to improve service efficiency and consumer ***/valueThis study uniquely integrates the pharmaceutical e-commerce context into AI chatbots research, addressing an existing gap in context-specific studies. This study introduces a dual-dimensional satisfaction framework encompassing cognitive and emotional satisfaction, offering theoretical support for more holistic satisfaction enhancement strategies. The findings of this study also provide practical implications for companies seeking to establish and sustain long-term, stable customer relationships through advanced AI chatbot systems.

关键词： Continuance intention Cognitive satisfaction Emotional satisfaction AI chatbots E-health literacy Pharmaceutical e-commerce Service expectation confirmation

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A study on the influence of digital literacy on elderly user's intention to identify social media false information

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ELECTRONIC LIBRARY 2024年第5期42卷 701-721页

作者： chen, Lu Jia, Jing Xiao, Manling Wu, chengzhen Zhang, luwen Changzhou Univ Sch Business Changzhou Peoples R China Konkuk Univ Dept Adv Ind Fus Seoul South Korea Hanyang Univ Sch Business Seoul South Korea Konkuk Univ Dept Adv Ind Fus Seoul South Korea

PurposeThis research exclusively focuses on China's elderly Internet users given how severe a threat disinformation has become for this particular population group as social media platforms thrive and the number of elderly netizens grows in China. The purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of how elderly social media users' intention to identify false information is influenced helps supplement the knowledge system of false information governance and provides a basis for correction ***/methodology/approachThis study focuses on the digital literacy of elderly social media users and builds a theoretical model of their intention to identify false information based on the theory of planned behaviour. It introduces two variables - namely, risk perception and self-efficacy - and clarifies the relationships between the variables. Questionnaires were distributed both online and offline, with a total of 468 collected. A structural equation model was built for empirical *** results show that digital literacy positively influences risk perception, self-efficacy, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Risk perception positively influences subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and the attitude towards the identification of false information. Self-efficacy positively influences perceived behavioural control but does not significantly impact the intention to identify. Subjective norms positively influence the attitude towards identification and the intention to identify. Perceived behavioural control positively influences the attitude towards identification but does not significantly impact the intention to identify. The attitude towards identification positively influences the intention to ***/valueBased on relevant theories and the results of the empirical analysis, this study provides suggestions for false information governance from the perspectives of social media platform collaboration and elderl

关键词： Elderly social media users False information identification Theory of planned behaviour Digital literacy Risk perception Self-efficacy

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New perspectives on urban stormwater management in China, with a focus on extreme rainfall events

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NATURAL HAZARDS 2025年第4期121卷 3745-3774页

作者： Li, Pengjun Zhuang, luwen Lin, Kairong She, Dunxian chen, Qiuling Wang, Qiang Xia, Jun Wuhan Univ State Key Lab Water Resources Engn & Management Wuhan 430072 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Proc Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Sun Yat sen Univ Sch Civil Engn State Key Lab Tunnel Engn Guangzhou 510275 Peoples R China Pearl River Water Resources Commiss Pearl River Water Resources Res Inst Guangzhou 510611 Peoples R China

Climate change, especially the rise in extreme rainfall events, combined with urbanization, poses significant challenges to traditional hydrological methodologies. These developments call for researchers to reassess conventional analytical and numerical approaches and make the necessary adjustments to address these evolving conditions. In this study, we begin by analyzing the patterns and mechanisms of the extreme rainfall event in Zhengzhou on July 20, 2021 ("7.20" extreme rainfall in Zhengzhou). Building on this analysis, we offer insights and propose solutions to key issues in urban stormwater management. A bibliometric analysis of the Zhengzhou event indicates that urban flooding is primarily driven by climate change, with urbanization being a secondary factor. Additionally, the integration of machine learning with traditional numerical hydrological models, such as the widely used SWMM model, has emerged as a research trend to enhance the accuracy and comprehensiveness of parameter estimation. New urban stormwater management techniques and strategies are essential for improving urban flooding resilience, including a three-level collaborative governance system, urban green-gray-blue facilities, smart integrated management, and digital twin technologies. Furthermore, fully coupled water management models and strategies that incorporate all elements of hydrological cycles are essential for addressing complex urban hydrological challenges.

关键词： Resilient City Smart integrated management Urban extreme rainfall Urban stormwater management "7.20" extreme rainfall in Zhengzhou

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A strategy for achieving high-performance single layer polymer photodetectors through dark current reduction using PMMA additives

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ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 2025年 136卷

作者： Bai, Guozhen Ran, luwen chen, Xinmu Wang, Zilong Lou, Zhidong Hou, Yanbing Teng, Feng Hu, Yufeng Beijing Jiaotong Univ Inst Optoelect Technol Key Lab Luminescence & Opt Informat Minist Educ Beijing 100044 Peoples R China

Suppressing dark current density is crucial for optimizing the performance of organic photodetectors (PDs), particularly in terms of detectivity (D*) and linear dynamic range (LDR). Organic PDs often utilize the bulk heterojunction structure of organic solar cells to significantly increase photocurrent. However, unlike solar cells, which are unaffected by dark current, photodetectors' performance is substantially limited by it. The interconnected network of bulk heterojunctions leads to a noticeable increase in dark current, thus degrading device performance. Typically, reducing dark current involves adding a modification layer or using multilayer planar heterojunctions, which effectively reduce dark current but often delay response speed and complicate manufacturing. This study presents an alternative approach by incorporating a small concentration of PMMA into single-layer polymer photodetectors, significantly reducing dark current without affecting photo- current. For this single-layer polymer PD, an ultra-low dark current density of 1.25 x 10- 8 A/cm2, a high Dsh* of 2.74 x 1012 Jones, an LDR of 120.5 dB, and a fast response time with 1.6 mu s were achieved. The capacitance-voltage (C-V), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements revealed that the PMMA additive reduces internal defects, increases bulk resistance, optimizes phase separation, and enhances carrier transport efficiency. The improved device performances are attributed to a more efficient vertical arrangement of the donor-acceptor interface and carrier channels, thus reducing carrier recombination loss. These findings offer a new direction for fabricating high-performance single-layer photodetectors.

关键词： Organic solar cells

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后疫情时代乡镇地区全域旅游产业融合路径研究——以北京密云为例

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小城镇建设 2021年第5期39卷 41-48页

作者：孙立陈禄文石爽孙雪谱张鹏远北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院党支部北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院城乡规划系北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院北京建工建筑设计研究院建筑分院

疫情对旅游业产生冲击的同时,也给乡镇地区的旅游产业带来了转型机遇;同时全域旅游发展和全域旅游示范区创建工作如火如荼。本文从乡镇地区旅游产业所受疫情的冲击和变化入手,分析后疫情时代乡镇地区的全域旅游产业融合需求,提出后疫情... 详细信息

疫情对旅游业产生冲击的同时,也给乡镇地区的旅游产业带来了转型机遇;同时全域旅游发展和全域旅游示范区创建工作如火如荼。本文从乡镇地区旅游产业所受疫情的冲击和变化入手,分析后疫情时代乡镇地区的全域旅游产业融合需求,提出后疫情时代乡镇地区的全域旅游产业融合路径:(1)全域品牌带动,打造旅游核心吸引物;(2)全域产业联动,整合旅游要素和产品;(3)全域线路引导,串联区域旅游资源;(4)全域主体合作,构建多方利益共同体。并以北京市密云区作为实践案例进行研究,以期为其他乡镇地区提供借鉴与参考。

关键词：后疫情时代乡镇地区全域旅游产业融合密云区

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Serine-modified silver nanoparticle porous spray membrane: A novel approach to wound infection prevention and inflammation reduction

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS 2025年 670卷 125120页

作者： Lu, Wei chen, Hui Liu, Tingting Hu, Jiahao Zhu, luwen Tao, Xiaohua Xu, Xiaoling Du, Yongzhong Hangzhou Med Coll Zhejiang Prov Peoples Hosp Affiliated Peoples Hosp Ctr Plast & Reconstruct SurgDept Dermatol Hangzhou 310014 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Coll Pharmaceut Sci 866 Yuhangtang Rd Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang Peoples R China Zhejiang Shuren Univ Shulan Int Med Coll Hangzhou 310015 Zhejiang Peoples R China

Traditional wound care preparations frequently face challenges such as complex care protocols, poor patient compliance, limited skin permeability, lack of aesthetics, and inconvenience, in addition to the risk of bacterial infection. We developed a spray film preparation containing nanocellulose and L-serine modified nanosilver, capable of rapidly forming a transparent film on the skin within minutes of application. The incorporation of nanocellulose imparted protective, moisturizing, and breathable properties to the film, allowing for easy removal after use. Moreover, our innovative application of L-serine as a precursor for synthesizing silver nanoparticles not only overcomed the limitations of current silver nanoparticle synthesis methods but also enhanced antibacterial efficacy by leveraging the inherent antimicrobial properties and bacterial targeting capability of L-serine. Specifically, the addition of nanocellulose to the spray film forming system enhanced air permeability and drug carrying capacity by creating a lightweight porous structure, while also ensuring the antimicrobial and antiinflammatory efficacy of serine modified silver nanoparticles. Mice treated with spray film formulations containing nanocellulose and silver nanoparticles demonstrated superior wound healing, normalization of keratin thickness, increased hair follicle count, and reduced inflammatory markers. In conclusion, our study developed a spray film that integrated excellent antimicrobial properties with user convenience. This research presented innovative strategies for clinical wound care, antibacterial infection management, and post laser cosmetic treatment, with the potential to substantially enhance wound care in practical application.

关键词： Spray films Anti-bacterial Silver nanoparticles

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Adaptive Robust Control for Nonlinear Mechanical Systems With Inequality Constraints and Uncertainties

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN CYBERNETICS-SYSTEMS 2023年第3期53卷 1761-1772页

作者： Sun, Hao Tu, Luchuan Yang, luwen Zhu, Zicheng Zhen, Shengchao chen, Ye-Hwa Hefei Univ Technol Sch Mech Engn Hefei 230009 Peoples R China Hefei Univ Technol AnHui Key Lab Digital Design & Mfg Hefei 230009 Peoples R China Georgia Inst Technol Sch Mech Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA Changan Univ Minist Educ Key Lab Rd Construct Technol & Equipment Xian 710064 Peoples R China

The inequality constraints, system nonlinearities, parameter uncertainties, and external disturbances are always unavoidable in practical mechanical systems. This article proposes an adaptive robust control (ARC) algorithm from the view of servo constraint following to tackle the control problem of mechanical systems subject to the above factors. For the inequality constraints, a creative diffeomorphism which could convert the two-sided bounded state variables to the unbounded ones is explored, which could render the transformed nonlinear system free from inequality constraints. For the system uncertainties, a leakage-type ARC algorithm is developed, which could render the system the practical stability. The permanent magnet linear motor (PMLM) system is utilized as a typical application to verify the proposed state transformation and ARC approach. Numerical simulations show that the displacement of the PMLM system could well track the desired trajectory without violating the given bound line.

关键词： Uncertainty Mathematical models Nonlinear systems Mechanical systems Adaptive systems Servomotors Robust control Adaptive robust control (ARC) inequality constraint nonlinear system state transformation system uncertainty

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Effects of molecular interaction and liver sinusoidal mechanical properties on leukocyte adhesions

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BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL 2025年第3期124卷 480-493页

作者： Zhu, Jingchen chen, Shenbao Zhou, luwen Gong, Xiaobo Cui, Yuhong Zhang, Yan Long, Mian Lu, Shouqin Chinese Acad Sci Inst Mech Ctr Biomech & Bioengn Key Lab MicrogravNatl Micrograv LabBeijing Key L Beijing Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Mech CAS Ctr Excellence Complex Syst Mech Beijing Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Sch Engn Sci Beijing Peoples R China Ningbo Univ Sch Mech Engn & Mech Smart Mat & Adv Struct Lab Ningbo Zhejiang Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Sch Naval Architecture Ocean & Civil Engn Dept Engn Mech Key Lab HydrodynamMinist Educ Shanghai Peoples R China Tianjin Univ Dept Mech Tianjin Peoples R China

It is interesting to find pathologically that leukocytes, especially neutrophils, tend to adhere in the liver sinusoids dominantly but not in the postsinusoidal venules. While both views of receptor-ligand interactions and physical trapping are proposed for mediating leukocyte adhesion in liver sinusoids, integrated investigations for classifying their respective contributions are poorly presented. With a combination of Monte Carlo simulation and immersed boundary method, this study explored numerically the effects of molecular interaction kinetics and sinusoidal mechanical properties on leukocyte adhesion in liver sinusoid jointly. Results showed that, within the range of biological limitations, the lumen stenosis ratio, leukocyte stiffness, Disse space stiffness and endothelium permeability regulate the comprehensive adhesion process in a descending order of significance in the presence of receptor-ligand interactions. While leukocyte adhesions could be mutually promoted with proper combinations of leukocyte stiffness, lumen stenosis, and molecular interaction, the binding affinity is insensitive under the conditions with low leukocyte stiffness in normal lumen stenosis and high leukocyte stiffness in high lumen stenosis. This work deepens the understanding of recruitment mechanism of leukocyte in liver sinusoids.

关键词： Liver sinusoid immersed boundary method leukocyte adhesion receptor-ligand interaction sinusoidal mechanical properties

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早期乳腺癌根治术中行前哨淋巴结活检的临床价值分析

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当代医学 2020年第31期26卷 180-181页

作者：陈露文叶永强陈凯旋江西省赣州市肿瘤医院江西赣州341000

目的探讨早期乳腺癌根治术中行前哨淋巴结活检的临床价值。方法选取2017年2月至2019年7月就诊于本院的84例早期乳腺癌患者,随机数字表法分为两组,各42例。B组行早期乳腺癌乳房切除术+腋窝淋巴结清扫术,A组行早期乳腺癌乳房切除术+前哨... 详细信息

目的探讨早期乳腺癌根治术中行前哨淋巴结活检的临床价值。方法选取2017年2月至2019年7月就诊于本院的84例早期乳腺癌患者,随机数字表法分为两组,各42例。B组行早期乳腺癌乳房切除术+腋窝淋巴结清扫术,A组行早期乳腺癌乳房切除术+前哨淋巴结活检术。比较两组围术期指标、肩关节功能及并发症发生率。结果 A组手术时间、住院时间、拔管时间均短于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组住院费用比较差异无统计学意义。术后4周,两组Neer肩关节功能评分较术前明显降低,A组Neer肩关节功能评分为(76.05±4.96)分,高于B组的(73.37±4.59)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后,A组上肢麻木、疼痛、水肿、活动受限等发生率均低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论早期乳腺癌根治术中行前哨淋巴结活检可缩短手术用时,减少并发症发生,缩短住院时间,且对肩关节功能影响较小。

关键词：乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检早期乳腺癌根治术肩关节功能腋窝淋巴结清扫术

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