Herbal medicines (HMs) have attracted widespread attention because of their significant contributions to the prevention and treatment of many human diseases. Recently, gut microbiota has become an important frontier t...
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Herbal medicines (HMs) have attracted widespread attention because of their significant contributions to the prevention and treatment of many human diseases. Recently, gut microbiota has become an important frontier to understand the therapeutic mechanisms of medicines. Gut microbiota-mediated transformation is a microbial metabolic form after oral administrations of HMs compounds. A great number of studies showed that gut microbiota could transform some HMs compounds by the variation of chemical structures into several active metabolites, which exerted better bioavailabilities and therapeutic activities than their parent compounds. Among these HMs compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids were the representative ones. However, there is no systemic review focusing on the potential improved therapeutic activities of these natural compounds caused by gut microbial transformation. Here, this review summarizes the therapeutic activities that are more potent in microbial transformed metabolites than in their parent compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids) from HMs. We hope this review will be conducive to deepening the understanding of the relationship between gut microbial transformation and therapeutic activities of HMs compounds.
Epiboly spreads and thins the blastoderm over the yolk cell during zebrafish *** of its fundamental function,little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control this coordinated cell *** this study,we investig...
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Epiboly spreads and thins the blastoderm over the yolk cell during zebrafish *** of its fundamental function,little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control this coordinated cell *** this study,we investigated protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (Prmt7) morphants with an epibolic delay defect in *** ratio of morphants with epiboly delay phenotypes increased as the dose of the injected morpholino (MO) ***,syntenin transcripts are maternally deposited and ubiquitously expressed from the oocyte period to the early larva ***,we demonstrated that Prmt7 modulates epibolic movements of the enveloping layer by regulating F-actin *** defects can be partially rescued by re-expression of Prmt7 or syntenin *** of the earliest cellular defects suggested a role of Prmt7 in the autonomous vegetal expansion of the yolk syncytial layer and the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton in extra-embryonic *** a combination of knockdown studies and rescue experiments in zebrafish,we showed that epiboly relies on the molecular networking of Prmt7 by facilitating syntenin,which acts as a regulator for *** study identifies the important function of the Prmt7 for the progression of zebrafish epiboly and establishes its key role in directional cell movements during early development.
Almost every database management system (DBMS) supporting transactions created in the last decade implements multi-version concurrency control (MVCC). Still, these systems rely on physical data structures (e.g., B+tre...
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Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is one of the major bioactive and water-soluble compounds isolated from Carthami Flos, the flower of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). As a natural pigment with favorable medical use,...
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is one of the major bioactive and water-soluble compounds isolated from Carthami Flos, the flower of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). As a natural pigment with favorable medical use, HSYA has gained extensive attention due to broad and effective pharmacological activities since first isolation in 1993. In clinic, the safflor yellow injection which mainly contains about 80% HSYA was approved by the China State Food and Drug Administration and used to treat cardiac diseases such as angina pectoris. In basic pharmacology, HSYA has been proved to exhibit a broad spectrum of biological effects that include, but not limited to, cardiovascular effect, neuroprotection, liver and lung protection, antitumor activity, metabolism regulation, and endothelium cell protection. Although a great number of studies have been carried out to prove the pharmacological effects and corresponding mechanisms of HYSA, a systemic review of HYSA has not yet been seen. Here, we provide a comprehensive summarization of the pharmacological effects of HYSA. Together with special attention to mechanisms of actions, this review can serve as the basis for further researches and developments of this medicinal compound.
Given the high and increasing prevalence of obesity, the safe and effective treatment of obesity would be beneficial. Here, we examined whether oral hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), an active compound from the dried fl...
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Given the high and increasing prevalence of obesity, the safe and effective treatment of obesity would be beneficial. Here, we examined whether oral hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), an active compound from the dried florets of Carthamus tinctorius L., can reduce high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 J mice. Our results showed that the average body weight of HF group treated by HSYA was significantly lower than that of the HF group (P < 0.01). HSYA also reduced fat accumulation, ameliorated insulin resistance, restored glucose homeostasis, reduced inflammation, enhanced intestinal integrity, and increased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in HF diet-fed mice. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in fecal samples demonstrated that HSYA reversed HF diet induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. Particularly, HSYA increased the relative abundances of genera Akkermansia and Romboutsia, as well as SCFAs-producing bacteria, including genera Butyricimonas and Alloprevotella, whereas it decreased the phyla Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of HF diet-fed mice. Additionally, serum metabolomics analysis revealed that HSYA increased lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs), L-carnitine and sphingomyelin, and decreased phosphatidylcholines in mice fed a HF diet, as compared to HF group. These changed metabolites were mainly linked with the pathways of glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. Spearman's correlation analysis further revealed that Firmicutes was positively while Bacteroidetes and Akkermansia were negatively correlated with body weight, fasting serum glucose and insulin. Moreover, Akkermansia and Butyricimonas had positive correlations with lysoPCs, suggestive of the role of gut microbiota in serum metabolites. Our findings suggest HSYA may be a potential therapeutic drug for obesity and the gut microbiota may be potential territory for targeting of HSYA.
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