Background: This meta-analysis aimed to compare the clinical outcomes and complications of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) and open reduction-internal fixation (ORIF) in patients with proximal humeral f...
详细信息
Background: This meta-analysis aimed to compare the clinical outcomes and complications of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) and open reduction-internal fixation (ORIF) in patients with proximal humeral fractures. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, and the Cochrane library to identify all relevant studies from inception to April 2019. Cochrane Collaboration's Review Manage 5.3 was used for meta-analysis. Results: Sixteen studies involving 1050 patients (464 patients in the MIPO group and 586 patients in the ORIF group) were finally included. According to the meta-analysis, MIPO was superior to ORIF in operation time, blood loss, postoperative pain, fracture union time, and constant score. However, MIPO was associated with more exposure to radiation and axillary nerve injury. No significant differences were found in length of hospital stays and complication except for axillary nerve injury. Conclusion: The present evidence indicates that compared to ORIF, MIPO had advantages in functional outcomes, operation time, blood loss, postoperative pain, and fracture union time for the treatment of PHFs. However, the MIPO technique had a higher rate of axillary nerve injury and longer radiation time compared to ORIF.
Coverage-guided fuzzing is a widely used and effective solution to find software vulnerabilities. Tracking code coverage and utilizing it to guide fuzzing are crucial to coverage-guided fuzzers. However, tracking full...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781538643532
Coverage-guided fuzzing is a widely used and effective solution to find software vulnerabilities. Tracking code coverage and utilizing it to guide fuzzing are crucial to coverage-guided fuzzers. However, tracking full and accurate path coverage is infeasible in practice due to the high instrumentation overhead. Popular fuzzers (e.g., AFL) often use coarse coverage information, e.g., edge hit counts stored in a compact bitmap, to achieve highly efficient greybox testing. Such inaccuracy and incompleteness in coverage introduce serious limitations to fuzzers. First, it causes path collisions, which prevent fuzzers from discovering potential paths that lead to new crashes. More importantly, it prevents fuzzers from making wise decisions on fuzzing strategies. In this paper, we propose a coverage sensitive fuzzing solution CollAFL. It mitigates path collisions by providing more accurate coverage information, while still preserving low instrumentation overhead. It also utilizes the coverage information to apply three new fuzzing strategies, promoting the speed of discovering new paths and vulnerabilities. We implemented a prototype of CollAFL based on the popular fuzzer AFL and evaluated it on 24 popular applications. The results showed that path collisions are common, i.e., up to 75% of edges could collide with others in some applications, and CollAFL could reduce the edge collision ratio to nearly zero. Moreover, armed with the three fuzzing strategies, CollAFL outperforms AFL in terms of both code coverage and vulnerability discovery. On average, CollAFL covered 20% more program paths, found 320% more unique crashes and 260% more bugs than AFL in 200 hours. In total, CollAFL found 157 new security bugs with 95 new CVEs assigned.
Hemorrhagic septicemia of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) was mainly caused by Aeromonas hydrophila which was an opportunistic pathogen. In recent years, the disease has caused tremendous economic loss with high mor...
详细信息
Hemorrhagic septicemia of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) was mainly caused by Aeromonas hydrophila which was an opportunistic pathogen. In recent years, the disease has caused tremendous economic loss with high morbidity and mass mortality in the mandarin fish breeding industry. Histopathological analysis and the immune related gene expression profiles of mandarin fish (S. chuatsi) infected with A. hydrophila were investigated in this study. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the cells of A. hydrophila densely covered with a mass of fimbriae. Histopathological analysis revealed that inflammation, vacuolization and extensive necrosis existed in the gill, liver, spleen and head kidney of the diseased fish. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure mRNA expression levels for six immune related genes in mandarin fish after A. hydrophila infection. The transcriptional analysis of these immune related genes demonstrated that the expression levels of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), T cell receptor alpha (TCR alpha), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), CC chemokine 3, interleukin 8 (IL-8) and Hepcidin were strongly up-regulated in spleen and head kidney of mandarin fish post-infection. These results will contribute to further study on the pathogenesis and host defensive system in A. hydrophila infection.
暂无评论