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Proposing a development framework for sustainable architecture, engineering, and construction industry in China: Challenges, best practice, and future directions

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2024年第5期18卷 805-814页

作者： Peixian LI Yujie LU xuwen xiao College of Architecture and Urban Planning Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Key Laboratory of Ecology and Energy Saving Study of Dense Habitat(Tongji University) Ministry of EducationShanghai 200092China College of Civil Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Key Laboratory of Performance Evolution and Control for Engineering Structures of Ministry of Education Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China China State Construction Engineering Corporation Beijing 100029China

China’s architecture,engineering,and construction(AEC)industry needs a clear and sustainable development *** inspiration from speeches delivered at a seminar hosted by the Chinese Academy of Engineering and extensive literature research on Chinese policies,this article presents a summary of the current trends in the AEC industry in four dimensions:industrialization as the foundation,intelligence as the enabler,lean management as the strategy,and green development as the *** four dimensions are intricately interconnected and rooted in multiple *** article provides a detailed review of the current practices,challenges,and future directions associated with each ***,ten grand challenges were proposed to stimulate discussions on the future of the AEC *** article offers an overarching understanding of the AEC industry and presents a four-dimension framework for sustainable development,which can be valuable for AEC practitioners.

关键词： green building lean construction prefabrication smart construction sustainable development

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Benchmarks for permanent carbon in low-carbon probabilistic design of concrete structures: A case study of China

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JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2025年 489卷

作者： Guan, Xiangshuo xiao, Jianzhuang Xia, Bing xiao, xuwen Noguchi, Takafumi Tongji Univ Coll Civil Engn Dept Struct Engn 1239 Siping Rd Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Guangxi Univ Inst Sci & Technol Carbon Peak & Neutral Nanning 530004 Peoples R China Hong Kong Polytech Univ Dept Civil & Environm Engn Hong Kong Peoples R China Chinese Acad Engn Beijing 100088 Peoples R China Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Engn Dept Architecture Bldg Mat Engn Lab Tokyo 1138654 Japan

China currently accounts for over 25% of global anthropogenic carbon emissions. Cutting down the carbon emissions of the construction industry is a major task for achieving the carbon neutrality goal in China. However, research on benchmarks and probability distribution models for China's embodied carbon emissions remains insufficient. To address this gap, this study defined "permanent carbon" by distinguishing the low time- variability part of embodied carbon emissions in buildings. Based on samples of 114 buildings in China, statistical and regression methods were utilized to construct a prior probability distribution model for permanent carbon of concrete structures, considering differences in building types. By applying Bayesian updating methods, posterior distributions were obtained based on latest region-specific information, addressing the issue of outdated data over time. Taking the East China region as an example, we found that the regional adjustment significantly affected carbon emission estimates, with varying adjustment factors for different building types. Transportation carbon emission benchmarks were influenced by transportation modes and distances, while distribution types remained stable. This study employs the Bayesian updating method in a novel way to help establish carbon emission benchmarks, support the formulation of carbon reduction targets, and aid the low carbon design during the early stage of building projects.

关键词： Concrete structures Permanent carbon Probability distribution model Carbon benchmark Regional adjustment

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Fundamental Issues Towards Unified Design Theory of Recycled and Natural Aggregate Concrete Components

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Engineering 2023年第10期29卷 188-197页

作者： Jianzhuang xiao Kaijian Zhang Tao Ding Qingtian Zhang xuwen xiao Department of Structural Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China College of Civil Engineering and Architecture Guangxi UniversityNanning 530004China College of Civil Engineering Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350116China

In the past 20 years,recycled aggregate concrete(RAC),as a type of low-carbon concrete,has become a worldwide focus of ***,the design methodology for RAC structural components remains a ***,demands for a unified design of natural aggregate concrete(NAC)and RAC components have been ***,this study analyses the necessity of a unified design theory and provides an in-depth demonstration of the strength determination,compressive constitutive relationship,and design method of concrete *** coefficient of variation of RAC strength is found to be generally higher than that of NAC *** compressive and tensile strengths of RAC can be defined and determined using the same method as that used for *** uniaxial compressive constitutive relationship between NAC and RAC has a unified mathematical ***,the elastic modulus of RAC decreases,and its brittleness exhibits an increasing trend compared with that of ***,to unify the design formulae of RAC and NAC components for bearing capacity,modification factors for RAC components are proposed considering safety and ***,the feasibility of the proposed unified time-dependent design theory is demonstrated in terms of conceptual design and structural measures considering the effects of strength degradation and reinforcement *** is believed that this study enriches and develops the basic theory of concrete structures.

关键词： Recycled aggregate concrete(RAC) Natural aggregate concrete(NAC) Strength determination Constitutive relation Reliability Unified design theory

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Numerical Analysis of Precast Shear Wall with Opening and Unspliced Vertical Distribution Bars 17th

Numerical Analysis of Precast Shear Wall with Opening and Un...

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17th East Asian-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction (EASEC)

作者： Cai, Qi Song, xiaobin xiao, xuwen Tongji Univ Coll Civil Engn Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China China Construct Engn Corp Beijing 100037 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9789811973338;9789811973314;9789811973307

To investigate the effect of opening on the lateral behaviour of precast concrete shear wall with unspliced vertical distribution bars, a series of nonlinear numerical analyses is carried out. Cohesive elements and nonlinear springs are adopted to simulate the joints around the precast wall panel and the steel bars across the joints, respectively. The numerical analysis model was verified based on test results of the lateral behaviour of precast shear wall with unspliced vertical distribution bars. Based on the verified model, parametric studies are carried out for the influence of the opening's characteristic parameters and the length of the boundary element. The results showthat the influence of the area ratio and location of the opening on the lateral behaviour of the precast shear wall is similar to that of cast-in-situ shear walls with openings. Compared with the cast-in-situ shear wall with opening, the load-carrying capacity and stiffness of the precast shear wall similarly decreased with the increasing opening area ratio;and the stiffness of the precast wall decreased up to 47.6%. The wall beneath the window opening can slightly compensate for the weakening effect of the unspliced vertical bars on cracking, but the vertical location of the opening had little effect on the lateral behaviour of the precast shearwall with unspliced vertical distribution bars. Finally, the length of the cast-in-situ boundary elements of the precast shear wall was more influential in the stiffness rather than the load-carrying capacity of the shear walls.

关键词： Precast concrete shear wall Opening Unspliced vertical distribution bars Lateral behaviour Numerical analysis

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Post-earthquake construction waste reuse: advancing green reconstruction and sustainability

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Low-Carbon Materials and Green Construction 2025年第1期3卷 1-6页

作者： xiao, Jianzhuang Lu, Yue Yu, Jiangtao Yu, Miao xiao, xuwen Shah, Surendra P. Department of Structural Engineering College of Civil Engineering Tongji University Siping Road 1239 Shanghai200092 China Institute of Science and Technology for Carbon Peak and Neutrality Guangxi University Nanning530004 China Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures College of Civil Engineering Tongji University Shanghai200092 China Department of Civil Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington ArlingtonTX76019 United States Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Northwestern University EvanstonIL60208 United States

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Lateral hysteretic behavior of precast concrete shear walls with unjointed vertical distribution bars and opening

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ENGINEERING STRUCTURES 2024年 305卷

作者： Cai, Qi Song, xiaobin xiao, xuwen Gu, Xianglin Tongji Univ Dept Struct Engn 1239 Siping Rd Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China

Precast concrete shear walls with unjointed vertical distribution bars have desirable lateral resistance compared with cast in situ concrete shear walls and much less construction cost as no sleeve splicing joint is needed. However, the influence of opening in the precast panels on their lateral hysteretic behavior has not been fully investigated. This study presents the results of cyclic loading tests of three full size precast concrete shear walls with unjointed vertical bars and opening. The test results showed that these shear walls had similar failure modes as a cast in situ concrete shear wall, such as cracking in the corners of the opening and the concrete and steel bars crushing at the bottom corners of the shear walls. The peak load of the positive and negative loading cycles and the stiffness of the unjointed shear wall with a window opening were 14.6%, 4.3% and 1.3%, respectively, smaller and the ductility ratio was 37.6% higher, than an otherwise the same cast in situ shear wall. The lateral stiffness of the unjointed shear wall with a door opening was 35% smaller than that of the one with a window opening, due to the stiffness contribution of the wall segment underneath the window opening. The development of the longitudinal strains of concrete and steel strain along the height of the wall limbs generally met the plane section assumption. However, those next to the vertical joint interface were affected by the development length of the shear force after the bedding mortar cracked under tension. The determination of the development length needs to consider the influence of the stiffness of the link beam and the wall segment underneath the opening.

关键词： Hysteretic behavior Precast concrete shear wall Unjointed vertical distribution bars Opening

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数字化技术在建筑工程施工中的应用与前瞻

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同济大学学报（自然科学版） 2024年第7期52卷 1068-1078页

作者：王璞瑾肖建庄肖绪文朱合华同济大学土木工程学院上海200092

近年来快速发展的数字化感知、分析与决策服务技术,可使建筑施工行业向技术密集型产业转型升级,为建筑工程施工的发展带来新的机遇。以搭载最新数字化技术的软硬件载体应用为主线,从施工信息的数字流视角,按照数字信息采集与处理‒施工... 详细信息

近年来快速发展的数字化感知、分析与决策服务技术,可使建筑施工行业向技术密集型产业转型升级,为建筑工程施工的发展带来新的机遇。以搭载最新数字化技术的软硬件载体应用为主线,从施工信息的数字流视角,按照数字信息采集与处理‒施工组织数字化重建与推演‒工程要素管控与执行的流程,介绍了建筑工程施工中最新的数字化技术,涵盖了施工中人员、设备、物料与工程进度相关的信息采集、处理、分析与决策服务的主要方面。指出了随着工程进度变换的建筑时空信息数字模型是施工的数字基础设施,未来的数字化建筑工程施工也将具备智能化、平台化、产业化的基本特征。

关键词：建筑工程施工数字化人工智能应用

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Exploration of low-carbon approximate probability design method for concrete structures

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CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2024年第27期69卷 4137-4150页

作者： xiao, Jianzhuang Guan, Xiangshuo Xia, Bing Ding, Tao Wang, Yuanfeng xiao, xuwen Tongji Univ Coll Civil Engn Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Guangxi Univ Coll Civil & Architecture Engn Nanning 530004 Peoples R China Tongji Univ Green Construct Res Ctr Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Guangxi Univ Inst Sci & Technol Carbon Peak & Netrality Nanning 530004 Peoples R China Beijing Jiaotong Univ Carbin Neutralizat Tehnol & Strategy Res Ctr Beijing 100044 Peoples R China

With the world increasing concerns about climate change and environmental protection, reducing carbon emissions has become a crucial issue for various industries. With industrial development and rapid urbanization leading to a surge in energy demand, Chinas building-related carbon emissions have escalated in recent years. By 2020, the carbon emissions from construction industry accounted for a significant 50.9% of the total emissions nationwide. Concrete structures account for more than 60% of the total building stock in China, calling for the adoption of low-carbon design methods in concrete structures. Drawing upon the safety design process, this paper introduces a practical low-carbon probabilistic design approach. This method aims to facilitate engineering decision-making that meets the carbon reduction targets quantitatively, thus fostering sustainable development within the construction industry. By exploring the randomness inherent in carbon emissions, a low-carbon limit state equation was developed. To assess the level of concrete structures to meet carbon reduction targets, the concept of low-carbon index was introduced. This paper also distinguished between permanent carbon and variable carbon based on their sources. The former includes carbon emission from structural materials at the materialization stage and the end-of-life stage, while the latter encompasses operational carbon and embodied carbon from decorative materials and maintenance materials. Within these boundaries, two distinct low-carbon design paradigms were clarified: One focusing on structural embodied carbon and the other addressing whole life carbon in buildings. Considering the uncertainty of carbon emissions, the partial factor was introduced to simplify the probabilistic design into approximate probability design criteria. The carbon limits of concrete structures were deduced by a case study. Using Monte Carlo simulations, Chinas future building stock was predicted based on probabilisti

关键词： concrete structures low-carbon design approximate probability design carbon emission partial factor carbon limit

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3D printed concrete with sewage sludge ash: Fresh and hardened properties

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CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES 2024年 148卷

作者： Ding, Tao Shen, Kaige Cai, Chen xiao, Jianzhuang xiao, xuwen Liang, Wan Tongji Univ Coll Civil Engn Dept Struct Engn Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Tongji Univ Coll Environm Sci & Engn Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Tongji Univ Inst Carbon Neutral Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Shanghai Guohui Environm Protect Technol Grp Co Lt Shanghai 201702 Peoples R China

In this study, the possibility of application of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in 3D printed concrete (3DCP) technology was explored. The replacement of partial cement with SSA in the concrete mix design was investigated, followed by a comprehensive analysis of its impact on the workability, printability, and mechanical properties of the 3DCP. The findings indicated that the incorporation of SSA accelerated the loss of workability of 3DCP, such as fluidity and consistency. However, it significantly improved the green strength and buildability. Further investigation revealed that the addition of SSA hampered the hydration process of cement, resulting in a reduction in the mechanical properties of the hardened material. CT scanning indicated that the addition of SSA increased the interlayer porosity, leading to further degradation of the mechanical properties. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure demonstrated that the maximum leaching concentration of 3DCP incorporating SSA was 0.14 mg/L. This result confirmed the effective immobilization of heavy metals, fulfilling the prerequisites for the application of 3DCP incorporating SSA.

关键词： 3D printed concrete Sewage sludge ash Workability Printability Mechanical properties

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Feasibility analysis of 3D printed concrete with sludge incineration slag: Mechanical properties and environmental impacts

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CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS 2024年 449卷

作者： Shen, Kaige Ding, Tao Cai, Chen xiao, Jianzhuang xiao, xuwen Liang, Wan Tongji Univ Coll Civil Engn Dept Struct Engn Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Tongji Univ Coll Environm Sci & Engn Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Tongji Univ Inst Carbon Neutral Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Shanghai Guohui Environm Protect Technol Grp Co Lt Shanghai 201702 Peoples R China

This study substituted sludge incineration slag for natural sand in the application of 3D printed concrete technology (3DCP). It analyzed the influence of the sludge incineration slag incorporation on the workability, printability, mechanical properties, and the solidifying effect of heavy metals in 3DCP. Furthermore, the environmental and economic benefits were also examined. The results indicated that the incorporation of sludge incineration slag accelerated the loss of workability factors such as flowability and consistency in 3DCP. However, it significantly enhanced the early strength of 3DCP and improved its buildability. Additionally, the addition of sludge incineration slag diminished the mechanical properties of 3DCP. When the substitution rate reached 50 % of natural sand with sludge incineration slag, the strength of the 3D printed specimens decreased by 22.1 %. Experimental investigations at a micro-scale indicated that the porosity of interlayer interfaces was a crucial factor causing strength reduction and could be ameliorated by appropriately increasing the extrusion amount to address excessive pore sizes. Toxicity leaching tests for heavy metals demonstrated that the maximum heavy metal leaching concentration in 3DCP specimens with sludge incineration slag incorporation was 0.14 mg/ L, meeting the specified requirements. The 3DCP with sludge incineration slag incorporation not only addressed the difficulty in handling incineration bottom slag but also conserved natural sand resources, presenting outstanding environmental and economic benefits. For instance, by substituting 100 % natural sand with sludge incineration slag, there were 5 % reduction in carbon emissions and 30 % increase in economic benefits.

关键词： 3D-printed concrete Sludge incineration slag Printability Mechanical properties Environmental benefits

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